[336] Cf. Sarasin, _Forschungen auf Ceylon_, iii. p. 511 (Magical cords worn by the Veddas: the custom considered to be of Singhalese origin); Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xii. p. 86 (Bone necklaces worn by the Andamanese as a cure for sickness); _Ibid._ p. 170 (Superstitious notions of the Andamanese with regard to tattooing); Stevens, “Wilde Stämme Malâkas,” in _Veröff. d. Mus. Völkerkunde_, ii. p. 145 (Amulet collars); Marshall, _Todas_, p. 49 (Rings and bracelets as charms); Elliot, _Memoirs on the Races of the N. W. Provinces of India_, i. p. 240 (Black “mouches” worn on the face for averting evil eye); Bock, _Temples and Elephants_, p. 170 (Superstitious tattooings among Burmese and Ngious); Smyth, _Victoria_, i. p. 112; and Taplin, “The Narrinyeri,” in Woods, _Native Tribes_, p. 21 (Hair of deceased worn around the head in order to make “the eyes large and the sight keen”); Roth, _Tasmania_, p. 76 (Bones of deceased worn as amulets); Kingsley, _Travels_, p. 448 (Charm-gems in W. Africa); Ellis, _W. African Sketches_, p. 9 (Bodily painting as medical cure among Fantis), pp. 191, 192 (Tattooing supposed to strengthen a child). For further interesting instances see Wuttke, _Geschichte der Schrift_, i. p. 77; cf. also the facts about laceration as medical cure collected on p. 67 in the preceding. [337] Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern_, p. 184. [338] _Ibid._ _l.c._ pp. 173, 186; cf. the assertions of Burton, _Lake Regions_, ii. p. 63 (Wajiji Tribe: Tattooing explained as a protection against the humid atmosphere); Roth, _Tasmania_, pp. 139-141. [339] Lippert, _Kulturgeschichte_, i. pp. 18, 365, 366. [340] Cf. Haddon, _Evolution in Art_, p. 203; Grosse, _Anfänge der Kunst_, pp. 130-133. [341] Robley, _Moko_, pp. 10-16. Cf., however, Shortland (_New Zealand_, pp. 16, 17), who explains Moko as being only a “fashionable mode of adornment,” and Dieffenbach (_New Zealand_, ii. p. 34), who thinks that the use of Moko for signatures is a modern invention. Tattooings which serve as individual marks of recognition are mentioned by Heriot, _Travels through the Canadas_, p. 293; Fraser, _Aborigines of New South Wales_, p. 45; Herr Koeler (_Monatsberichte der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde_, iii. p. 51) thinks that the scars of the Australians—“these genealogical indices”—may to some extent make up for the want of proper names. [342] With regard to marks of tribal distinction compare the facts collected by Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, ii. pp. 72-75; Frazer, _Totemism_, pp. 26-30. Even those who do not believe in Mr. Frazer’s assertion that the paintings, coiffures, tattooings, etc., aim at an imitation of the totem animal, will be compelled to admit that they often serve as means of distinguishing members of the same totem group. Buckland, _Anthropological Studies_, pp. 224, 225, 231 (On tattooing); Starcke, _The Primitive Family_, pp. 42, 62; Wuttke, _Geschichte der Schrift_, i. pp. 80 _sq._