[453] As to magical paintings on banners, standards, and shields, see Hein, _Die bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks auf Borneo_, pp. 71, 72. Cf. also the old Slavonic traditions related by Nagele in _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie_, xvii. p. 278 (Der Schlangen-Cultus). [454] Joest, _Tätowiren_, p. 20; Polack, _New Zealanders_, i. p. 28 (Tahiti deformations of the skull). [455] Bancroft, _Native Races_, i. pp. 101, 105 (Thlinkeets). [456] Romilly, _My Verandah_, p. 42; Finsch, _Samoafahrten_, p. 91, Atlas, Tafel xxii.; _Ethnologische Erfahrungen_, p. 99 (Motu, New Guinea), p. 243 (Kaiser Wilhelms Land, New Guinea), p. 630 (Bismarck-Archipel). Some fine specimens to be seen in the British Museum. [457] In later times, however, the Dyaks have begun to avail themselves for this purpose of the hair of their deceased. Cf. Hein, _Die Bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks_, p. 74. [458] Hein, _Die Bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks auf Borneo_, p. 85. [459] Marryat, _Borneo_, pp. 14, 15, 74-76; Selenka, _Sonnige Welten_, pp. 80, 81. [460] Hein, _l.c._ p. 19. [461] For detailed arguments on this point see the author’s _Förstudier till en konstfilosofi_, chap, iv., “On Gracefulness.” [462] Cf. the illustrations in Hamilton’s _The Art Workmanship of the Maori Race_. [463] Earle, _New Zealand_, pp. 160, 161; cf. also Johnstone, _Maoria_, p. 50. [464] Cf. especially the specimens translated in Schoolcraft, _Information_, ii. pp. 59 _sq._ [465] See the specimens of leather, bone, and textile works preserved in ethnological collections, especially in Musée de Trocadéro, Paris. [466] Cf. Posnett, _Comparative Literature_, p. 133. [467] Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 102; Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, i. pp. 94-100; Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, i. pp. 9-12, 193-206. For further instructive instances see Ellis, _Eẃe Peoples_, pp. 98, 99; _Tshi Peoples_, pp. 108, 109; Curr, _Australian Race_, i. pp. 45-48; Woods, _Native Tribes_, pp. 23-26 (Facts referring to Polynesia and Australia); Kotzebue, _Entdeckungsreise_, ii. p. 20 (Hawaji); Dieffenbach, _New Zealand_, ii. p. 59; Musters, _Patagonia_, p. 12 (Tehuelches). [468] See literature on the Couvade, and on the precautions to be observed by men who expect to become fathers. We cannot here dwell on the interesting theories, according to which totemistic doctrines and regulations ought to be interpreted as based upon the conception of a quite material substratum, connecting for eternity with each other all individuals and generations of the same family. However fantastic they may have appeared, the probability of these views has undeniably been increased by the publication of those hitherto unknown details of Australian ceremonialism that have been brought to light by Messrs. Spencer and Gillen. But in questions like these it seems almost impossible to discriminate between symbolical ideas and actions on the one hand, and magical practices based on a real belief on the other.