[482] As regards this almost universal practice see the collection of instances in Tylor, _Early History_, pp. 277-279; and _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 146; Peschel, _Völkerkunde_, p. 274; Stoll, _Suggestion und Hypnotismus_, pp. 166, 167. Further instructive instances in Brinton, _Nagualism_, p. 11 (Modern Mexico); Castréu, _Nordiska Resor._ i. p. 137 (Russian Lapps); Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 280; Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p. 281 (Australia). Winterbottom, _Native Africans of Sierra Leone_, i. pp. 252, 253, adduces some ethnological examples, and refers for comparison to Paracelsus. [483] Bérenger-Féraud, _Superst. et surviv._ i. pp. 523-540; cf. also Gaidoz, _Un vieux rite medical_, pp. 73-84. [484] Nyrop, “Kludetraedet” in _Dania_, i., particularly pp. 21-23; cf. also _Dania_, i. p. 310; iii. pp. 139-141. [485] Lenormant, _Magie und Wahrsagekunst der Chaldäer_, p. 73; Rochas, _L’extériorisation de la sensibilité_, pp. 74-113 (rich collection of instances referring to savage tribes, to mediæval Europe, and to modern folklore); further instances in Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 569-574; Romilly, _Western Pacific_, p. 35 (New Britain); Selenka, _Sonnige Welten_, p. 215 (Japan). That this crude superstition has been at the bottom of many ceremonies which, from our point of view, appear purely symbolical is shown by the curious death-sentences on absent criminals—to be executed in effigy, “jusqu’à mort s’en suive”—which M. Tarde has unearthed from among the old law-proceeds of Périgord. Tarde, _Études pénales et sociales_, p. 241. [486] Cf. as to dolls representing the corn spirits, Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, i. pp. 332-346. [487] Haddon in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xix. p. 427 (Tribe of Torres Strait; Models of Dugong used as charms to attract the fishes); Woldt in _Arch, für Ethnographie_, i. p. 106 (Kultusgegenstände der Golden und Giljaken; sculptures of fishes used for the same purpose by the Golds); Spencer, quoting Motolinia, _Descr. Soc._ Div. ii. Nr. 2, p. 39 (similar customs among the old Azteks). [488] Cf. especially the Sinhalese masks representing the symptoms of various diseases as exhibited in the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. [489] On images of children worn by barren women in order to remove sterility see Binger, _Du Niger_, ii. p. 230 (Agnis, Wolofs); Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 251; Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui_, p. 213; Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 318 (Nishinam). In this connection we may also refer to the bird-shaped amulets of the North American Indians, which by some authors have been explained as emblematic of maternity. Cf. Abbott, _Primitive Industry_, p. 370. Whether they also have been thought of as possessing a magical efficacy is, however, impossible to decide. [490] Guaita, _Sciences maudites_, ii., i. p. 185. [491] Raffles, _History of Java_, i. pp. 375, 376. For a similar reasoning cf. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 23, 24. [492] Bock, _Temples and Elephants_, p. 245.