[18] Heyd, _Colonie commerciali_, ii. 272, note 1, quotes Peschel for the statement that a quintal of ginger which cost at Calicut 4 cruzados sold at Alexandria for 11 and at Venice for 16. But G. Priuli (in R. Fulin’s _Diarii e Diaristi Venetiani_, Venice, 1881, p. 160) says that one ducat at Calicut mounted to from 60 to 100 ducats in Europe. The latter statement appears to be exaggerated, since in England, at the farthest extremity of Europe, pepper could fall as low as 9_d._ the pound (see note 12). If Priuli be correct, the value of pepper at Calicut in his time was a farthing or less per pound, or a sou per kilogram. [19] Heyd, _Commerce du Levant_, ii. 352. Bortrandon de la Brocquière (Wright’s _Early Travels in Palestine_, London, 1848, pp. 283 ff.) made the journey by caravan from Aleppo to Brusa. [20] Heyd, _Commerce du Levant_, ii. 349. [21] _Ibid._, pp. 308 ff., 316 ff. [22] They continued the exclusive policy of the Mamelukes in regard to the trade through Egypt and the Red Sea: Sieur J. Savary, _Le Parfait Négociant_, Geneva, 1752, p. 837. [23] J. W. Zinkeisen, _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches in Europa_, Gotha, 1840-63, ii. 576, 577, and G. Berchet, _Del Commercio dei Veneti nell’ Asia_, Venice, 1869, p. 18, mention the renewal of the old Mameluke treaties with Venice after the Turkish conquest of Egypt in 1517. See references to Heyd in notes 13 and 21 above. [24] Zinkeisen, _loc. cit._, in a note quotes Paruta to the effect that in 1517 Selim ‘desiderava l’amicitia de’ Venetiani e che nel principio del nuovo imperio procurava d’accrescere i traffichi in quella provincia per particolare utile e commodo di quei sudditi e per interesse dell’ entrate publiche’. [25] Heyd, _Commerce du Levant_, ii. 337, 349. [26] Savary. pp. 770. 707, says that the Turks never required two payments of duties on merchandise brought to one province and transported to another, ‘comme il se pratique en boaucoup d’autres états do l’Europe,’ and that the penalty for false declarations of weight was not confiscation but correction. [27] See my _Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent_, pp. 30 ff. [28] Heyd, _Commerce du Levant_, ii. 326 ff. [29] Q. B. Depping. _Histoire du Commerce entre l’Europe et le Levant depuis les Croisades_, 1832, ii. 227, 228; P. H. Mischef, _La Mer Noire_, p. 17. Privileges to navigate in the Black Sea were regularly granted to Venice by the Porte in treaties before that of 1540. [30] Heyd, _Commerce du Levant_, ii. 351; Savary, pp. 822, 827. [31] Heyd. _Colonie commerciali_, i. 479.