[Footnote 7: The form is found in the two 'Proctors' books', of which the oldest, that of the Junior Proctor, was drawn up (in 1407) by Richard Fleming, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College; but it was then already an established form, and probably goes back to the thirteenth century, i.e. to the reign of Henry III.] [Footnote 8: It is perhaps still necessary to emphasize the fact that the name 'University' had nothing to do with the range of subjects taught, or with the fact that instruction was offered to all students; the latter point is expressed in the earlier name 'studium generale' borne by universities, which is not completely superseded by 'universitas' till the fifteenth century.] [Footnote 9: The coincidence is not accidental. Magna Carta was wrested from a king humiliated by his submission to the Pope, and the University Charter was given to redress an act of violence on the part of the Oxford citizens, who had been stimulated in their attack on the 'clerks' of Oxford by John's quarrel with the Pope.] [Footnote 10: Oxford never received this Papal ratification; but as its claim to be a 'studium generale' was indisputable, it, like Padua, was recognized as a 'general seat of study' 'by custom'. The University of Paris, however, at one time refused to admit Oxford graduates to teach without re-examination, and Oxford retorted (the Papal bull in favour of Paris notwithstanding) by refusing to recognize the rights of the Paris doctors to teach in her Schools.] [Footnote 11: In the Scotch Universities Doctors are still created by '_birettatio_', the laying on of the cap, and I believe this is still done at many 'Commencements' in America.] [Footnote 12: Compare St. John x. 22, [Greek: enkainia] = 'The Feast of the Dedication'.] CHAPTER III THE PRELIMINARIES OF THE DEGREE CEREMONY [Sidenote: The Preliminaries of the Degree Ceremony.] It is needless to describe the requirements of our modern examination system, for those who present themselves for degrees, and their friends, know them only too well. And to describe completely the requirements of the mediaeval or the Laudian University would be to enter into details which, however interesting, would yet belong to antiquarian history, and which have no relation to our modern arrangements. But there are certain broad principles which are common to the present system and to its predecessors, and which well deserve attention. [Illustration] [Sidenote: (1) Residence.]