THE PAN-ANGLES {ii} {iii} THE PAN-ANGLES A CONSIDERATION OF THE FEDERATION OF THE SEVEN ENGLISH-SPEAKING NATIONS BY SINCLAIR KENNEDY _WITH A MAP_ SECOND IMPRESSION LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMBAY. CALCUTTA AND MADRAS 1915 _All Rights Reserved_ {iv} {v} TO THE PAN-ANGLES {vi} PREFATORY NOTE THE Author is indebted to the following publishers and authors for kind permission to make quotations from copyright matter: to Mr. Edward Arnold for _Colonial Nationalism_, by Richard Jebb; to Mr. B. H. Blackwell for _Imperial Architects_, by A. L. Burt; to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press for _Federations and Unions_, by H. E. Egerton; to Messrs. Constable & Co. for _Alexander Hamilton_, by F. S. Oliver, and _The Nation and the Empire_, edited by Lord Milner; to the publishers of the _Encyclopedia Britannica_; to Messrs. Macmillan & Co. for Seeley's _Expansion of England_, and G. L. Parkin's _Imperial Federation_; to Admiral Mahan; to Mr. John Murray for _English Colonization and Empire_, by A. Caldecott; to Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. for _The Union of South Africa_, by W. B. Worsfold; to the Executors of the late W. T. Stead for the _Last Will and Testament of C. J. Rhodes_; to Messrs. H. Stevens, Son, & Stiles for _Thomas Pownall_, by C. A. W. Pownall; to Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin Company for Thayer's _John Marshall_ and Woodrow Wilson's _Mere Literature_; to Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. for Woodrow Wilson's _The State_; to Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons for _The Works of Benjamin Franklin_, edited by John Bigelow; to the Yale University Press for _Popular Government_, by W. H. Taft; and also to _The Times_; _The Round Table_; _The Outlook_; and _The Springfield Weekly Republican_. {vii} FOREWORD THE English-speaking, self-governing white people of the world in 1914 number upwards of one hundred and forty-one millions. Since December 24, 1814, there has been unbroken peace between the two independent groups of this race--a fact that contravenes the usual historical experiences of peoples between whom there has been uninterrupted communication during so long an epoch. The last few decades have seen increasingly close understandings between both the governments and the peoples of this civilization.