XIV. The Commissary 164 XV. Life on the Zone 176 XVI. Past Isthmian Projects 194 XVII. The French Failure 206 XVIII. Choosing the Panama Route 221 XIX. Controversy with Colombia 233 XX. Relations with Panama 246 XXI. Canal Zone Government 256 XXII. Congress and the Canal 268 XXIII. Sea Level Canal Impossible 277 XXIV. Fortifications 283 XXV. Fixing the Tolls 295 XXVI. The Operating Force 309 XXVII. Handling the Traffic 317 XXVIII. The Republic of Panama 326 XXIX. Other Great Canals 335 XXX. A New Commercial Map 347 XXXI. American Trade Opportunities 358 XXXII. The Panama-Pacific Exposition 368 THE ILLUSTRATIONS Birdseye View of the Panama Canal Zone _Color insert_ FACING PAGE George W. Goethals, Chairman and Chief Engineer 10 A Street in the City of Panama 11 Theodore Roosevelt 18 William Howard Taft 18 Woodrow Wilson 18 Vendors in the Streets of Panama 19 A Native Boy Marketing 19 Lieut. Col. W. L. Sibert 43 The Upper Locks at Gatun 43 Toro Point Breakwater 43 Concrete Mixers, Gatun 50 A Center Wall Culvert, Gatun Locks 50 The Machinery for Moving a Lock Gate 51 Steam Shovels Meeting at Bottom of Culebra Cut 74 L. K. Rourke 74 The Man-made Canyon at Culebra 75 The Disastrous Effects of Slides in Culebra Cut 82 U. S. Ladder Dredge "Corozal" 83 A Mud Bucket of the "Corozal" 83 W. G. Comber 83 Col. William C. Gorgas 106 The Hospital Grounds, Ancon 106 Lieut. Frederic Mears 107 The Old Panama Railroad 107 Sanitary Drinking Cup 114 Mosquito Oil Drip Barrel 114 Spraying Mosquito Oil 114 Typical Quarters of the Married Laborer 115