(_a_) ~Swat.~--A railway now runs from Naushahra in the Peshawar district to Dargai, which lies at the foot of the Malakand, a little beyond our administrative boundary. An old Buddhist road crosses the pass and descends on the far side into Swat. We have a military post at Chakdarra on the Swat river, and a military road passing through Dir connects Chakdarra with Kila Drosh in Chitral. Most of the Swatis, who are Yusafzais of the Akozai section, occupy a rich valley above 70 miles in length watered by the Swat river above its junction with the Panjkora. Rice is extensively grown, and a malarious environment has affected the physique and the character of the people. The Swati is priest-ridden and treacherous. Even his courage has been denied, probably unjustly. Swati fanaticism has been a source of much trouble on the Peshawar border. The last serious outbreak was in 1897, when a determined, but unsuccessful, attack was made on our posts at Chakdarra and the Malakand Pass. The Swatis are Yusafzai Pathans of the Akozai clan, and are divided into five sections, one of which is known as Ranizai. (_b_) ~Sam Ranizai.~--A small tract between the Peshawar border and the hills is occupied by the Sam Ranizais, who were formerly servants and tenants of the Ranizais, but are now independent. (_c_) ~Utman Khel.~--The country of the Utman Khels begins where the Peshawar boundary turns to the south. This tribe occupies the tract on both sides of the Swat river to the west of Swat and Sam Ranizai. On the south-west the Swat river divides the Utman Khels from the Mohmands. Their country is very barren, but a good many of them cultivate land in the Peshawar district. The Utman Khels are quite independent of the surrounding tribes and have been troublesome neighbours to ourselves. (_d_) ~Bajaur.~--Bajaur is a very mountainous tract lying to the north-west of the Utman Khel country and between it and the Durand line. It includes four valleys, through which flow the Rud river and its affluents with the exception of that known as Jandol. The valley of the last is now included in Dir. The Rud, also known as the Bajaur, is a tributary of the Panjkora. The people consist mainly of Mamunds and other sections of the Tarkanri clan, which is related to the Yusafzais. They own a very nominal allegiance to the Khan of Nawagai, who is recognised as the hereditary head of the Tarkanris. They manage their affairs in quasi-republican fashion through a council consisting of the particular party which for the time being has got the upper hand.