THE PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE OR THE RACIAL BASIS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY BY MADISON GRANT CHAIRMAN, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY; TRUSTEE, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY; COUNCILOR, AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY _FOURTH REVISED EDITION WITH A DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT_ WITH PREFACES BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN RESEARCH PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1923 COPYRIGHT, 1916, 1918, 1921, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS Printed in the United States of America Published October, 1916 Reprinted December, 1916 NEW AND REVISED EDITION Published March, 1918 Reprinted March, 1919 THIRD EDITION, REVISED Published May, 1920 FOURTH EDITION, REVISED Published August, 1921 Reprinted February, July, 1922 February, September, 1923 [Illustration] To MY FATHER PREFACE European history has been written in terms of nationality and of language, but never before in terms of race; yet race has played a far larger part than either language or nationality in moulding the destinies of men; race implies heredity and heredity implies all the moral, social and intellectual characteristics and traits which are the springs of politics and government. Quite independently and unconsciously the author, never before a historian, has turned this historical sketch into the current of a great biological movement, which may be traced back to the teachings of Galton and Weismann, beginning in the last third of the nineteenth century. This movement has compelled us to recognize the superior force and stability of heredity, as being more enduring and potent than environment. This movement is also a reaction from the teachings of Hippolyte Taine among historians and of Herbert Spencer among biologists, because it proves that environment and in the case of man, education, have an immediate, apparent and temporary influence, while heredity has a deep, subtle and permanent influence on the actions of men.