55 : 3 _seq._ Sir G. Archdall Reid, 2, p. 182; _The Handbook of the American Indian_, under _Health and Disease_; Payne, _A History of the New World Called America_; and elsewhere in early accounts. Also, Paul Popenoe, _One Phase of Man’s Modern Evolution_, p. 618. CHAPTER V. RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 60 : 18. See the note to p. 18. 62 : 2. Ripley, _passim_; and the notes to pp. 142 : 23, 172 : 22, 187 : 23, 188 : 15, 195 : 18, 213 and 247 of this book. 63 : 13. This absence of round skulls was universally accepted, but recent studies show an appreciable Alpine element which is increasing. 64 : 2 _seq._ See pp. 201 and 203. 64 : 18. Ripley discusses the Slavs in full in chap. XIII, and gives the original sources for all of his information. 65 : 1. Ripley, pp. 422–428. 65 : 3. Von Luschan, 1; Ripley, pp. 406–411. 65 : 14. Ripley, pp. 361 _seq._ 66 : 4. Blumenbach was the first to divide the races into Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American and Malayan, in his _De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa_, in 1775. 66 : 8–23. Ossetes. For a full description of these people see Zaborowski, _Les peuples aryens d’Asie et d’Europe_, pp. 246–272. Deniker likewise treats of them in _Races of Man_, p. 356. Minns, _Scythians and Greeks_, p. 37, says: “Klaproth first proved in 1822 that the Ossetes are the same as the Caucasian Alans, and this is supported by the testimony of the chroniclers, Russian, Georgian, Greek and Arab. From Ammianus Marcellinus (XXXI, II, 16–25) we know that at the time of the Huns’ invasion these Alans pastured their herds over the plains to the north of the Caucasus, and made raids upon the coast of the Mæotis and the peninsula of Taman. The Huns passed through their land, plundering Ermanrich, the king of the Goths.... Ammianus means by Alans all the nomadic tribes about the Tanais (Don) and gives a description of their habits, borrowed from the account of the Scythians in Herodotus. For the first three centuries of our era we find these Alans mentioned (Pliny, _N. H._, IV, 80; Dionysius Perigetes, 305, 306; Fl. Josephus, Bell. Jud., VII, VII, 4; Ptolemy, etc.), as neighbors of the Sarmatians on this side or the other of the Don, living the same life and counting as one of their tribes. That is, that the Ossetes, Jasy, Alans, Sarmatians[4] are all of one stock, once nomad, now confined to the valleys of the central chain of the Caucasus. The Ossetes are tall, well-made, and inclined to be fair, corresponding to the description of the Alans in Ammianus (XXXI, II, 21) and their Iranian language answers to the accounts of the Sarmatians, of whom Pliny says ‘Medorum ut ferunt soboles’ (_N. H._, VI, 19).” Footnote 4: The author agrees with Zaborowski and differs from Minns in his belief that the Ossetes are of Nordic stock while the Sarmatians were Alpines. Chantre found among the Ossetes 30 per cent of blonds. See Chantre, 2.