culture, which in its isolation for so many centuries had ample time to develop its own peculiar features and to become sufficiently strong to later extend a very wide influence. There is an interesting study of the fauna of Egypt by Lortet and Gaillard, which proves that much of it was originally African, not Asiatic, as those who wish to prove the opposite theory, that Egyptian culture was derived from the east in very remote times, have endeavored to establish. There is no doubt that the Egyptians were sufficiently plastic and adaptable in the earlier centuries of their development, wherever they may have come from, to make use of what the continent of Africa contributed in the way of resources. (See also Gaillard, _Les Tatonnements des Égyptiens_, etc., and H. H. Johnston, _On North African Animals_.) To claim that the civilization of Sumer was derived directly from Elam, which in turn obtained its earliest culture from Egypt, is, in the opinion of the author, to reverse the truth. Some authorities believe that Elam was the origin from which came the civilization found by Pumpelly in Turkestan, and believed by him to have been not earlier than the end of the third millennium B. C. (For a further reference to this see the note to p. 119 : 15 of this book, on Balkh.) See Hall as to the relationship of the Accadians and Sumerians with Elam. Zaborowski says they were all of the same Alpine stock, that is, the very early Sumerians and Accadians and Elamites. See 2, p. 411. For Susa, Elam and Media, see _Les peuples Aryens_, pp. 125–138, and Hall, chap. V. For the Persians, Zaborowski, 1, pp. 134 _seq._ Ripley, pp. 417, 449–450, discusses some of the eastern tribes, among them the Tadjiks, whom general opinion makes round skulled. These, according to Zaborowski, are the living prototypes of the Susians, Elamites and Medes. Many writers consider the Medes to have been Nordics and related to the Persians. The author, however, follows Zaborowski in classing them as the early brachycephalic population of Elam or its highlands or plateau, which was conquered by the Persians. On the Medes and Media see the notes to p. 254 : 13. CHAPTER V. THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 148 : 1. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi, 4; Ripley; and Elliot Smith, 1. 148 : 14. Deniker, 2, pp. 408 _seq._; Ripley, pp. 450–451. 148 : 15. See the notes to pp. 257–261. 148 : 18. Dravidians. Bishop R. Caldwell, _Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages_; G. A. Grierson, _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. IV, _Munda and Dravidian Languages_; Friedrich Müller, _Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren_ 1857–1859, etc., pp. 73 _seq._; _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, vol. III, pp. 106 _seq._ See also Haddon, 3, p. 18. 148 : 22 _seq._ Deniker, 2, p. 397; Haddon, 1, 3, but Haddon has pointed out that the Andamanese are not racially of the same stock as the Sakai, Veddahs, etc.