160 : 1. C. H. Hawes, p. 258 of the _Annal of the British School at Athens_, vol. XVI, “Some Dorian Descendants,” says the Dorians were Alpines, and this view is shared by many others, among them Von Luschan. See also Myres, _The Dawn of History_, pp. 173 _seq._ and 213. While this may be partially true even of the bulk of the population, all the tribes to the north of the Mediterranean fringe carried a large Nordic element, which practically always assumed the leadership. 160 : 17. For the character of the Dorians, see Bury, p. 62. 161 : 20. The philosopher Xenophanes, a contemporary of both Philip and his son, in discussing man’s notion of God, insists that each race represents the Great Supreme under its own shape: the Negro with a flat nose and black face, the Thracian with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion. 161 : 27. Loss of Nordic blood among the Persians. See the note to p. 254 : 11. 162 : 8. Barbarous Macedonia. Bury, _The History of Greece_, pp. 681–731. 162 : 14. Alexander the Great. Descriptions of Alexander are found in Plutarch, who quotes the memoirs of Aristoxenus, a contemporary of Alexander, regarding the agreeable odor exhaled from his skin; Plutarch also says, without giving his authority, who was probably the same, that Alexander was “fair and of a light color, passing to ruddiness in his face and upon his breast.” An authority for the statement of blue and black eyes is Quintus Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian of the first century A. D., in _Historiarum Alexandri Magni, Libri Decem_. This was written three and one-half centuries after the death of Alexander. The quotation, from North’s translation of Plutarch, reads: “But when Appeles painted Alexander holding lightning in his hand he did not shew his fresh color, but made him somewhat blacke and swarter than his face in deede was; for naturally he had a very fayre white colour, mingled also with red which chiefly appeared in his face and in his brest.” In Gabon’s _Inquiries into the Human Faculty_, original English edition, frontispiece, is a composite photograph of Alexander the Great from six different medals selected by the curator in the British Museum. The curly hair and Greek profile are significant features. The sarcophagus of Alexander in the Constantinople Museum called the Sidonian, throws some light on this point, although there is some uncertainty among archæologists as to whether or not it is Alexander’s sarcophagus. 162 : 19. See Von Luschan, _The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia_, the section on Greece. 163 : 7. _Græculus_, -_a_, -_um_. According to the Latin dictionaries, the diminutive adjective, understood mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense—a paltry Greek. 163 : 10. Physical types in early Greece. Ripley, pp. 407–408, quotes Nicolucci, Zaborowski, Virchow, DeLapouge and Sergi. _Cf._ Peake, 2, pp. 158–159, also Ripley, p. 411.