188 : 24–189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of High and Low German, see Herman Paul, _Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie_; _The Encyclopædia Britannica_, under German Language, gives a good summary. 189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256. 189 : 12. Villari, _The Barbarian Invasions of Italy_; Thos. Hodgkin, _Italy and Her Invaders_. 189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, _Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul_, p. 37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the incursions of the barbarians into Italy. 189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of Russia and Germany and the monk Nestor, who was the earliest annalist of the Russians, agree in deriving the Varangians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They probably were more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the continental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first founders of the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or Northman. Their language, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, differed essentially from the Sclavonian. The author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the Russians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden for their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the Normans. The Finns, Laplanders and Esthonians speak of the Swedes to the present day as Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi, Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See Schlözer, in his _Nestor_, p. 60; and _Malte Brun_, p. 378, as well as _Kluchevsky_, vol. I, pp. 56–76 and 92. The Varangians, according to Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at Byzantium. These were the Russian Varangians, who made their way to that city by the eastern routes. Canon Isaac Taylor, in _Words and Places_, p. 110, remarks that “for centuries the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering throne of the Byzantine emperors.” This Varangian Guard was very largely reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Conquest of England. The name Varangi is undoubtedly identical with _Frank_, and is the term used in the Levant to designate Christians of the western rite, from the days of the Crusades down to the present time. _Cf._ Ferangistan—_land of the Franks_, or, as it is now interpreted, “Europe,” especially western Europe. E. B. Soane, To _Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise_, uses the phrase _á la ferangi_ as describing anything imported from western Europe. 190 : 1. Deniker, 2, pp. 333–334; Ripley. 190 : 9. Deniker, the same. 190 : 13. Ripley, pp. 281–283. 190 : 15. Ripley, pp. 343 _seq._ 190 : 19. See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 _seq._ and 196 : 18. 190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.