235 : 17. Liguria and the Ligurian language. Sergi, 4; Ripley, chap. X. The modern Liguria comprises virtually the coast lands of Italy around the Gulf of Genoa as far south as Pisa. For ancient Liguria, which once extended into Gaul, see Déchellette, _Manuel d’archéologie_, t. II, pp. 6–25. D’Arbois de Jubainville treats of the Ligurians at length in several of his works mentioned, but Déchellette shows his wrong reasoning, rather convincingly it seems to the author. The opinions of Jullian, as given in his _Histoire de la Gaule_, are also discussed by Déchellette. A full discussion in English, of all the authorities on ancient Liguria, the Ligurians and their language is given in Rice Holmes, _Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul_, pp. 277–287. The language is treated on pp. 281–284, and 318, and by Peet, _The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy_, pp. 164 _seq._; see also D’Arbois de Jubainville, 3, pp. 152 _seq._ Feist, 5, p. 369, says that the Ligurians were Mediterraneans. A number of others agree with him. The evidence points rather to their having been an early Alpine people, somewhat less brachycephalic than those who came later, and this is the opinion held by Ratzel, vol. III, p. 561. The name Ligurian in this book designates a Pre-Nordic race of Alpine affinities, with a Pre-Aryan language. The peculiar and discontinuous distribution of Alpine peoples with names which are variations of the term Veneti, a condition rather analogous to the scattered groups of Pelasgians as noted by various authors of antiquity, may indicate the last traces of a once widely distributed race. It is possible that the Ligurians displaced these “Veneti” in southern Europe, and later became confined to a part of Gaul and northern Italy. 235 : 23. Deniker, 2, p. 317, and the note to p. 234 : 13 of this book. 235 : 27–236 : 6. See the note to p. 234 : 17. 236 : 9. Feist, 1 and 5; G. Retzius, 2, 3; Ripley, p. 351; Nordenskiöld. 236 : 14. Livs and Livonians. Ripley, pp. 358 _seq._; Abercromby, _The Pre- and Proto-Finns_; Peake, 2, p. 150. 236 : 17 _seq._ Ripley, pp. 365–367. Feist, 5, p. 55, says the Finnish language was once agglutinative but is now inflectional. See also another reference to it on p. 231, and our note to languages, p. 242 : 5 of this book. 236 : 26. Magyar language. The most authoritative books on Finnish, Ugrian, and Hungarian speech are those of Szinnyei. See also Feist, pp. 394 _seq._, and Deniker, 2, pp. 349–351. 237 : 1. Ripley, p. 415, says: “Turkish is the westernmost representative of a great group of languages, best known, perhaps, as the Ural-Altaic family. This comprises all those of northern Asia, even to the Pacific Ocean, together with that of the Finns in Russian Europe.... According to Chantre the word Turk seems quite aptly to be derived from a native root meaning _Brigand_.” Also see pp. 404–405 and 419 in Ripley. 237 : 13. Ripley, p. 418, and Von Luschan, _op. cit._