237 : 21. Gibbon, chap. LVII, on the “Seljukian Turks.” On the Osmanli Turks see Ripley, pp. 415 _seq._ On Turks in general see Von Luschan. 237 : 25. See the notes to p. 173 : 11 and to pp. 253–261. 238 : 12. G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 134 _seq._; Zaborowski, 1, and the table of languages in the note to p. 242 : 5. Practically any book dealing with Aryans gives this information. 238 : 24. Ripley, p. 415; Von Luschan. 239 : 1. See the notes to pp. 158 and 253. 239 : 2. Hittites and the Hittite Empire. See S. J. Garstang, _The Land of the Hittites_; L. Messerschmidt, _Die Hetiter_ (_Der Alte Orient_, IV, 1); Feist, 5, pp. 406 _seq._, and the Hittite Inscriptions, Cornell Expedition of 1911. The history of the Hittite Empire has been brought to light by the research and investigations of Professor Sayce. See his _Hittites_. There are a number of short general descriptions in practically all of the histories of ancient peoples, and in those of the Near East. See for instance, Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 45, 64; Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 200, 334 seq.; Myres, _Dawn of History_, pp. 118 seq., 152 _seq._ and 199 seq.; Myers, _Ancient History_, pp. 91–93; Feist, _Kultur_, pp. 406 _seq._; Von Luschan, pp. 242–243; and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 121, 134, 138 and 160, deal more with the physical characters of the Hittites. According to some of the most recent authorities, the Hittites were an extraordinarily powerful nation and held Syria from about 3700 B. C. to 700 B. C., when the Assyrians overcame them. They had some contact with Babylon and probably their development was influenced thereby. They seem to have been the Kheta or Khatti of the Ancient Egyptians. “About 1280 B. C.,” according to Von Luschan, “when Khattusil made his peace with Rameses II, there existed a large empire, not much smaller than Germany, reaching from the Ægean Sea to Mesopotamia and from Kadesh on the Orontes to the Black Sea. We do not know at present if this Hittite Empire ever had a really homogeneous population, but we have a good many Hittite reliefs and all these, without one single exception, show us the high and short heads, or the characteristic noses of our modern brachycephalic groups, (Armenoids).”