Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
Another matter of ethnobotanical interest concerns the supposed existence
of two varieties of peyote.[11] In discussing Peyotl Zacatensis
Hernandez[12] writes that “they say they are male and female.” The
Huichol likewise distinguish two kinds of Peyote, one, the more
active and bitter in taste and presenting smaller and more numerous
mammillations on the surface, called Tzinouritehua-hicouri, “Peyotl of
the Gods,” the other, whose physiological effect is less pronounced,
called Rhaïtoumuanitarihua-hicouri, “Peyotl of the Goddesses.” In the
opinion of Rouhier,[13] “The Peyotl of the Goddesses ... is the young
form of _Echinocactus williamsii_ [= _Lophophora williamsii_], and the
Peyotl of the Gods is its adult form.”
Nor is this the end of the matter. It is well known that sex is
attributed to plants in the Plains, but there is also a well-defined
pattern regarding the sex[14] specifically of peyote throughout Mexico
and the Plains. The Huichol have a tutelary goddess for peyote called
Hatzimouika; the peyote deity of the Tarahumari, on the other hand, is
male, and great reverence is paid by them to the hikuli walúla sälíami,
or “hikuli great authority,” literally, who is surrounded by smaller
plants, his “servants,” and who, not satisfied with mere sheep and goats,
demands the sacrifice of oxen.
Being persons, peyote plants naturally talk and sing on occasion.
Lumholtz[15] writes of the Tarahumari belief that
in the fields in which it grows, it sings beautifully, that the
Tarahumare may find it. It says, “I want to go to your country,
that you may sing your songs to me.” ... It also sings in the
bag while it is being carried home. One man, who wanted to use
his bag as a pillow, could not sleep, he said, because the
plants made so much noise.
Bennett and Zingg[16] mention the Tarahumari belief that the singing one
hears as the bakánawa moves about in the night near the sleeper may be
made clearer by chewing a bit of the plant. Indeed, Mooney[17] says the
Tarahumari find the peyote by hearing its song, Híkurówa, which it sings
day and night. Peyote speaks to the Tarahumari shaman during the night of
dancing and curing, and encourages him with words and by singing to him.
The fetish-plant in the ceremony proper is placed on the altar under a
half-gourd resonator; the rasping of the shaman, thus amplified, is very
pleasing to peyote, who manifests his strength by the amount of noise
produced with his aid.
In the Plains, however, when pleased with the singing, the peyote goddess
actually joins in with it.[18] The Kiowa call her sęⁱmąyi, literally,
“Peyote Woman.” Mooney describes a Kiowa peyote rattle on which she
is represented, and at her feet the Morning Star, which heralds her
approach. A Taos origin legend for peyote tells of a warrior abandoned
by his companions, who heard a singing and rattling near where he lay,
and finally discovered it coming from the blossom in the center of the
top of the plant.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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