[96] The ceremonial fire we have seen is Huichol and Tarahumari (cf. the “pillow of Grandfather Fire” of the Huichol with the “heart” of the Caddo-Delaware peyote fire: both are used as a “smoke stick”). The Caddo ceremonial fire, however, was pre-peyote (_Handbook of the American Indians_, 2:2b; Swanton, _Aboriginal Culture_, 701). Beals (_Comparative Ethnology_, 127) lists the ceremonial fire for the Tarahumari, Caddo, Hasinai, Chitimacha, Houma, Natchez, Tunica, Taënsa, Jalisco (Cutzalán), Mexico, and Maya (Lacandone); it is lacking in Tepic-Culiacan, Old Sinaloa, Old Sonora, Southern Sierra and Tamaulipas (whence a southern Plains provenience for the ceremonial fire in peyotism is implausible). See also Beal’s map 26, 209; table 121, 211-12. [97] It is believed that the Yuchi example figured by Petrullo in Plate 2 is erroneous in the placing of the ash eagle and in the presence of the redundant ash crescent. [98] Interestingly, though the bulk of modern peyotists are Siouan, Caddoan and Algonquian groups, none used the elbow pipe in the ceremony—only Taos. See Wissler, _The American Indian_, 26, fig. 6. [99] Skinner thought peyote destroyed the appetite for tobacco (_Societies of the Iowa_, 694, 726). [100] Radin, _Crashing Thunder_. See Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 401; Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 64, for standard form. [101] Murie, _Pawnee Indian Societies_, 640-41. [102] The importance of taking a comparative viewpoint is indicated by the statement of Gilmore, _The Mescal Society_, 165, “... the Omaha, of Nebraska, have interjected the use of wild sage, _Artemesia gnaphalodes_, in connection with mescal ceremonies, that plant having been an immemorial symbol of sacredness among the Omaha.” But see Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 399, 401; Radin, _The Winnebago Tribe_, 415 and others. [103] In view of other peyote parallels, note the sweat bath sage-whip. [104] Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 65. The Arapaho (Kroeber, 402), Kiowa, and others chew bits of sage. [105] Skinner, _Societies of the Iowa_, 722. [106] Harrington (_Religion and Ceremonies_, 189) may be in error in stating that the staff is passed to the drummer’s _right;_ the native painting contradicts this; cf. Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 402, for the standard method; concerning passing persons, see Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 65. [107] Radin, _Crashing Thunder_, 171, 175-77, 185-87; cf. _The Winnebago Tribe_, 394-95; Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 64. Murie, _Pawnee Indian Societies_, 637.