Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
Peyote leadership carries with it much prestige, and the great
road-chiefs like Quanah Parker, Belo Kozad, Old Man Horse, White Horn,
John Rave and Jonathan Koshiway are spoken of with considerable respect.
In the case of John Wilson peyote was further made the vehicle of
economic success. But the negative instances are just as interesting. We
have already mentioned A. S., a Seminole who lived and married among the
Caddo. He built a moon of the general John Wilson-Enoch Hoag type, which
differed from these in only minor details. His bid for personal prestige,
however, received so little support on the part of his group that he
removed the inner symbolic part of his altar to the woods nearby, and
left only the crescent and apron of a “small moon.”
Another case is that of H. B., a Kiowa. This group has been unimpressed
by any major changes in the rite, and success in leadership lies along
rather conventional lines since they regard themselves as the repositors
of the original native rite. H. B. aspired to be a peyote leader and to
increase his prestige through the cult. His wife’s brother was the leader
of the minutely variant “Kiowa Road,” his mother’s brother, further,
was one of the two original users of peyote among the Kiowa and his
step-father was an owner of one of the “Ten Medicine” bundles. All in all
his chances might have seemed good in the beginning. But a train of bad
luck befell him: his wife died, his step-son fell sick, and his mother’s
brother died, all within a year. His mother quarreled with the rather
well-to-do wife of her nephew, C. A., who among the middle-aged men is
perhaps the most promising and widely accepted peyote leader (though he
still modestly confines himself to the job of “fire chief”). Then, as C.
A. said—and he was not above sabotaging his rival H. B.’s chances—“he
couldn’t quite make the grade, because people wondered why all these
things had happened to him; some fellows are like that.”
There is much therefore that is psychologically precarious in peyotism.
Personal histories and happenings to the individual determine his
attitude toward the cult, and the attitude may change as new anxieties
arise and old ones are solved. A typical conversion perhaps is that of
John Bearskin (Winnebago), described by Densmore:[15]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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