[34] Again compare peyote, particularly in the Plains. [35] Kroeber (_Handbook_ 462, 589, 593, 609, 613-14) lists tribes who may lack it. See also Kroeber, _Anthropology_, 309-311. [36] Summarized from Gayton, citing W. D. Strong, _Aboriginal Society_. [37] Cf. the preparation of peyote in Mexico. [38] Summarized from Gayton. [39] Cf. this and the following elements with peyote usages. [40] Cf. the Mexican use of peyote. APPENDIX 5: CHEMISTRY OF PEYOTE Alkaloids are found in a number of cacti: _Cereus peruvianus_, _C. pecten aboriginum_, _Pilocereus sargentianus_ Orcutt, _Phyllocactus ackermanii_, _P. russelianus_, _Echinocereus mamillosus_, _Mammillaria cirrhifera_, _M. uberiformis_, _M. centricirrha_, _Anhalonium prismaticum_, _A. fissuratum_,[1] and _Lophophora williamsii_. _Lophophora_ in its mature state, however, is notable for the number of alkaloids which it contains, nine being known at present. The long and hotly-disputed botanical question of _Anhalonium williamsii_ versus _A. lewinii_, beyond its ethnographic significance in accounting the plants “male” and “female,” has a chemical aspect for a time obscuring their botanical identity. _A. williamsii_ (young specimens of _Lophophora_) contains only the alkaloid Pellotine,[2] while _A. lewinii_ (the mature _Lophophora_) contains at least nine, as follows:[3] Anhaline (C₁₀H₁₅ON), Anhalamine (C₁₁H₁₅O₃N), Mescaline (C₁₁H₁₇O₃N), Anhalonidine (C₁₂H₁₇O₃N), Anhalonine (C₁₂H₁₅O₃N), Lophophorine (C₁₃H₁₇O₃N), Pellotine (C₁₃H₁₉O₃N), Anhalinine and Anhalidine. Lophophorine is an oily colorless liquid; mescaline crystallizes only in the presence of atmospheric CO₂; and anhalonidine crystallizes imperfectly; the rest are crystalline. Their physiological activity appears to increase with their chemical complexity.[4] Hordenine was first isolated from _A. fissuratum_ by Heffter in 1894 and shown to be identical with Späth’s anhaline from _Lophophora_ in 1920; Heffter isolated pellotine in 1894, mescaline, anhalonidine, anhalonine and lophophorine in 1896, Kauder adding anhalamine in 1899. Capellman collaborated with Heffter on mescaline in 1905. If Heffter first isolated the _Lophophora_ alkaloids, Späth is to be largely credited with establishing their chemical constitution and synthesizing them: mescaline in 1920, anhalamine in 1921, and anhalonidine and pellotine in 1922. Röder in 1922 and Gangl in 1923 collaborated in establishing the chemical constitution of others of the alkaloids.[5] FOOTNOTES: [1] Tschirsch, _Handbuch_, 680. [2] Henry (T. A.), _The Plant Alkaloids_, 194; Moureu, _Review_, 519; Heffter, _Ueber zwei Cacteenalkaloïde_, 2977; _Ueber Pellote_, 309 ff.; Späth, _Über die Anhalonium_; I, _Anhalin und Mezcalin_, 129; Kunkel, _Handbuch_, 836; Schumann, _Über giftige Kakteen_, 106. [3] Henry (T. A.), _loc. cit._ The more recently discovered anhalinine and anhalidine are cited from Schultes, _Peyote and Plants Used_, 134.