One final question is less of physiological than psychological and ethnographic import. Along with teo-nanacatl, marihuana (_Cannabis_ spp.) and the Peyotl Xochimilcensis (_Cacalia cordifolia_), peyote has been said to have an aphrodisiac action. This association suggests that a matter of Spanish-White or Mexican-Indian ethnography is involved.[53] But love-magic was not unknown either in Mexico or the Plains, and it is conceivable that this new medicine (particularly since it was used for “witching”) because of its other spectacular effects, might have been valued for this purpose also. We have now discussed the bearing of physiological reactions on the peyote ritual and other native behavior: the _exhilarating_ first effect of the drug (in the allaying of hunger and thirst on the march, to give courage in war, and strength in dancing and racing) and the second stage of _depression_ and _visions_ (“running amok,” witchcraft-suspicion, psychic fear-states, euphoria and feeling of brotherhood, partial anaesthesia, the “suffering to learn something” characteristic of the Plains vision quest, synaesthesias, auditory hallucinations, and “catching songs,” visual hallucinations, and “learning” of painting- and bead-designs, symbolical birds and feathers, etc.). We found, too, behavior definitely related to the pupil-dilating power of peyote as well as its sialogogue and diuretic action; the injunction against salt and the use of sweet foods, however, may involve culture-historical matters. We have been skeptical of the alleged anti-alcoholic virtue of peyote, and have likewise doubted that _physiologically_ peyote is either aphrodisiac or anaphrodisiac, despite heated claims on both sides. The efficacy of native doctoring with peyote is a special problem treated elsewhere along with the therapeutic and psychiatric experiments of Whites. The following ethnographic part of our study deals first with the non-ritual uses of peyote, arising from its special properties, and secondly with the ritualization of its use. FOOTNOTES: [1] “They [the Chichimeca] have a considerable knowledge of plants and roots, their qualities and their virtues. They were the first to discover and use the root called peiotl, which enters among their comestibles in the place of wine” (Sahagún, _Histoire générale_, 10:661-62). Again, “There is another herb, like tunas of the earth [tunas is the Spanish name for the fruit of the prickly pear, _Opuntia opuntia_]; it is called peiotl; it is white; it is produced in the north country; those who eat or drink it see visions either frightful or laughable; this intoxication lasts two or three days and then ceases” (Sahagún, _Historia general_, 3:241; in Safford, _An Aztec Narcotic_, 294-95). Translations from the Spanish have been made with the aid of Mr. H. W. Tessen of the Yale Graduate School.