Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
_Psychic state_: exceedingly variable, varying culturally,
with the stages of intoxication, and in the individual
himself at different times. Mexican visions sometimes have
a frightening tone, sometimes one of hilarity. The writer
had marked confirmation of this while still ignorant of this
ethnographic fact: in an Oto meeting in 1936 visions were
of monstrous animals so ridiculous and hilariously funny
that proper self-restraint in meeting was difficult; yet, in
a control experiment comfortably conducted in New Haven,
the psychic state developed into one of stark, galloping,
psychotic terror, quite inexplicable on realistic grounds
(later, parallels were found in Winnebago material and in
white observations). Curiously enough Dixon noted in a cat
photophobia, dilated pupils and a fixed “stare ... [and] most
of the physical elements of ‘terror.’ ... The ears were drawn
back, the hair over the body, especially the tail, becomes
erected, there is twitching of the superficial muscles, the
respiration being shallow and hurried, and the heart weak and
irregular.” One experimenter’s subject became possessed of the
fixed idea that he was being poisoned, when the intoxication
had thoroughly developed. This experience, once felt, is so
strikingly physiological that one is tempted to wonder if there
is any hypersecretion of adrenalin, perhaps in adjustmental
reaction to the effect of the alkaloids on the heart. Dixon
thought _Lophophora_ differed from _Cannabis indica_ in never
provoking merriment; yet Wertham and Bleuler had one subject
who achieved a state of to him quite meaningless hilarity. Fear
states are present among native users also, to judge from the
content of some visions recorded; conceivably these might be
the psychic end-results of the intensified reflex-excitability
induced by the strychnine-like alkaloids. However, one should
bear in mind throughout the antagonistic effect of the
alkaloids, which together with individual, cultural and other
differences (physiological state, amount eaten, the form in
which the drug is taken—infusion or solid, dry or green—the
continued eating of it in late stages of intoxication, etc.)
contribute to widely variable reactions. The experiments of
Wertham and Bleuler are impressive in this connection.[18] This
variability for the same subject at different times, Indians
explain, is conditioned by what one starts thinking about when
the intoxication begins.[19]
PEYOTE AS APHRODISIAC AND ANAPHRODISIAC
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