Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
In both the latter groups [Anderson] has seen Wilson’s portrait
placed on the “moon” in the Peyote lodge near the peyote
“button” and the crucifix. Some who do this, he is convinced,
actually concentrate thought upon Wilson instead of Peyote. And
Anderson regards both practices as contrary to the teachings
of Wilson. A custom has also spread among the Osage to wear a
portrait button of John Wilson on the coat or, when in native
dress, upon one of the fur or feather ornaments.... Anderson’s
testimony [was] that John Wilson told his followers that _he
was not sent by God to fulfill a mission_, but that he was
_shown_ by Peyote how to conduct religious worship in the
Peyote meetings in order to cure disease, heal injury, purge
the body from the effects of sin[25] and to lead the Indians to
reach the regions “above” _hukweyun_ in Delaware, or heaven,
where they would _see Peyote and the Creator_.
The Caddo and Delaware, nevertheless, display considerable “touchiness”
on the subject of John Wilson even today, since other tribes have
ridiculed his real or supposed claims to divinity. Native criticism is
not lacking either on the score of his economic exploitation of peyote
leadership.[26] Petrullo[27] writes that
his enemies claim that in the course of his life he professed
to have had fresh visions which always were interpreted to his
personal gain....
However, his followers staunchly deny these allegations. Perhaps in
answer to the accusation of being mercenary, Wilson, with one of his
followers named Wolf, themselves set up a meeting once, at which they
showed their generosity by giving away all their clothes with other gifts
until they were clad only in breechclouts.[28] Yet even so the belief is
widespread that his death was due to his exploitation of the gift-giving
pattern to the extreme of demanding a Quapaw woman for his wife.[29]
The Wilson sect is still strong among the Osage and the Quapaw, but
elsewhere, even among the Delaware and Caddo, it is waning considerably.
The Caddo show a disposition to return to the Enoch Hoag “moon,” which
is considered more “pure” and aboriginal.[30] But antagonisms to new
elements Wilson sought to introduce date as far back as 1885. About this
time Elk Hair was hunting in Comanche territory and learned a ritual he
has since kept without change:[31]
Elk Hair preferred the Comanche way because it was the pure
Indian way.... We brought back to our people the pure Peyote
rite and we have used Peyote in the right way ever since.
Elk Hair, according to Petrullo,[32] “has barely managed to keep
a following among the Delawares of Dewey,” but this region is the
stronghold of the Anderson family and if defection of the Anadarko groups
to the Hoag moon is any indication, we may expect a reinvigoration of the
Elk Hair rite. Indeed, War Eagle wrote from Dewey in 1932 that[33]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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