Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
A typical Ponca meeting attended at White Eagle was to doctor a sick
child with peyote tea. Another, a Shawnee meeting at McCloud, had been
vowed if the soldiers’ bonus legislation passed Congress. One Shawnee
held meetings for his eldest daughter yearly for thirteen years;
sometimes they hold purely social meetings and for health and doctoring,
but not for rain. Wichita, on the other hand, set up meetings to pray for
rain and good crops, on anniversaries, and for doctoring; and a Wichita
“bonus” meeting was held in 1936. Prophecy has been present in Wichita
meetings also. The Winnebago[16] have death-consolation meetings,
death-anniversary meetings and meetings to doctor the sick. At Taos[17]
meetings are for curing, or simply when “someone thinks they ought to
have a peyote meeting.”
_Participants._ The Carrizo had two women by the door to bring water
into the meeting, but the Lipan permitted no women to be present or even
erect the tipi. In the early days the Kiowa, Comanche, Tonkawa, Sauk,
and Oto prohibited women from attending, and only old men used peyote,
but forty or fifty years ago women started coming in to be doctored and
gradually came in for other reasons, though they could not use the ritual
paraphernalia; under no circumstances may a menstruant woman enter.[18]
The restriction against women appears to apply only to groups who early
had peyote, when it still had much of the flavor of a warriors’ society
about it; for example, the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Ponca, Kickapoo, Mescalero,
Shawnee, Taos and Wichita apparently always allowed women to attend.[19]
In the Iowa meeting the women formed the outer of two concentric circles,
the men the inner, and the former were allowed only two buttons.[20]
Women never use eagle feather fans.
Some tribes, like the Caddo, still have a strong objection to the
presence of White men in meetings, but other groups do not object to
White men as such.[21] A number of tribes have a bias against the
attendance of Negroes, but this is not the case at least with the Kiowa,
Wichita, and Kickapoo.[22]
_Visiting._ All Indians, however, of whatever tribe, are welcome in the
meetings of all other tribes.[23] For example, at a Shawnee leader’s
meeting at McCloud there were 12 Kickapoo, 6 Shawnee, 3 Caddo, 2 Kiowa, 2
Whites, a Wichita, a Seminole, a Sauk-and-Fox, an Oto, a Potawatomi and
a Negro—a not untypical aggregate.[24] Individual users visit around a
great deal in trying to “learn about peyote”; an old Kickapoo user had
been in meetings of the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Caddo, Delaware, Wichita,
Apache, Kiowa, Osage, Yuchi, Sauk-and-Fox, Oto, Iowa, Shawnee, Comanche,
Pawnee and Ponca. Indeed, the very origin legend of peyote indicates a
period of beginning intertribal contacts, and peyotism in later days
became the specific vehicle of intertribal friendships, when mutual
warfare disappeared.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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