Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
In drumming, the vessel is given an occasional shake to wet the head
with the contained water, and the left thumb is used to test the tone
and tighten the head: sometimes too the head is sucked or blown upon, so
that the water is forced to ooze through the skin. The Ponca, however,
do not permit the drum head to be touched—“peyote makes the sound, not
the hand,”[63] they say—and hence make a handle of the lacing-rope
twisted upon itself. Old Man Sack (Caddo) also forbade blowing on
the drum, “even when it cups up and sounds like a tin can,” a Kiowa
peyote-boy said; in the stricter Caddo moons no water is drunk until the
drum has made four rounds, with the result that some of their meetings
consequently last well into the forenoon of the next day—a genuine
ordeal according to informants. Among the Iowa, and possibly also in
some Caddo Delaware “Big Moons” the drum chief accompanies the drum
around the circle, drumming for each singer. The Jesse Clay style of
drumming among the Winnebago, described by Densmore, is common among the
southern tribes: a rapid unaccented beating before the beginning of the
singing, gradually slackening to match the speed of the voice. Another
mannerism may be noted at the end of each song, when the rattle is shaken
unrhythmically as fast as possible during the last few bars of the song,
then suddenly stopped with the last drum beat.[64] The water drum is
typically Southeastern in distribution, but its presence in the Plains
peyote cult must be accounted another Southwestern feature, inasmuch as
it was standardized and diffused over the Plains before Southeastern
groups in Oklahoma received peyote and hence could have introduced the
trait into it.[65]
_Feathers._ Feathers are important in peyote symbolism. In the original
Comanche rite only the leader brought in a medicine fan with him; “now
many young men bring them who have no special business to.” Skinner wrote
that eagle feathers were “badges of the society” among peyote-using Iowa;
women were never allowed to use eagle feathers in meetings, however.
Younger Oto men carry modern ribbed folding-fans, older ones commonly an
entire wing. The individual fans of the Northern Cheyenne, as elsewhere,
are not produced until the full effects of the peyote come on, some time
after midnight. The eagle feather fans of the Winnebago represent the
wings of birds mentioned in Revelations, while the Kickapoo state that
the twelve feathers of the eagle fan symbolize the twelve months of the
year; twelve is a common Delaware ritual number also.[66]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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