The Phase Rule and Its ApplicationsFindlay, Alexander
Science
The Phase Rule and Its Applications
Findlay, Alexander
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical; Phase rule and equilibrium; Solution (Chemistry)
---------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------
Per cent. of | Per cent. of | Freezing point. | Melting point.
_d_-carvoxime. | _l_-carvoxime. | |
---------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------
100 | 0 | 72.0° | 72.0°
99 | 1 | 72.4° | --
98 | 2 | 73.0° | --
95 | 5 | 75.4° | 73.0°
90 | 10 | 79.0° | 75.0°
80 | 20 | 84.6° | 80.0°
70 | 30 | 88.2° | 85.0°
60 | 40 | 90.4° | --
50 | 50 | 91.4° | 91.4°
25 | 75 | 86.4° | 82.0°
8 | 92 | 77.4° | --
1 | 99 | 72.4° | --
0 | 100 | 72.0° | 72.0°
---------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------
{187}
In this figure, the melting-point curve, _i.e._ the
temperature-concentration curve for the mixed crystals, is represented by
the lower curve. Since the addition of the lævo-form to the dextro-form
raises the melting point of the latter, the concentration of the lævo-form
(on the right-hand branch of the curve) must, in accordance with the rule
given, be greater in the solid phase than in the liquid. Similarly, since
addition of the dextro-form raises the melting point of the lævo-form, the
solid phase (on the left-hand branch of the curve) must be richer in
dextro- than in lævo-carvoxime. At the maximum point, the melting-point and
freezing-point curves touch; at this point, therefore, the composition of
the solid and liquid phases must be identical. It is evident, therefore,
that at the maximum point the liquid will solidify, or the solid will
liquefy completely without change of temperature; and, accordingly, mixed
crystals of the composition represented by the maximum point will exhibit a
definite melting point, and will in this respect behave like a simple
substance.
(_c_) _The freezing-point curve passes through a minimum_ (Curve III., Fig.
49).
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