[38] The Spanish _quintal_ (100 _libras_), varied in different provinces; that of Castilla was equivalent to 101.6097 United States pounds. Other denominations: 25 libras = 1 arroba; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal; 20 quintals = 1 tonelada. [39] Of these measures of capacity, the first set are for liquid measure: 4 copas = 1 cuartillo; 4 cuartillos = 1 azumbre; 8 azumbres = 1 arroba _mayor_ or _cantara_. This _arroba_ equals 4.26304 gallons, and is supposed to contain the weight of 35 _libras_ of pure (_i.e.,_ distilled) water. The _arroba_ for oil, however, is only 3.31853 gallons. The other measures are for dry substances. _Hanega_ is only another form of _fanega_ (= 1.599 bushels), which is described in _Vol_. II, note 72; the _celemín_ is the same as the _almude_ (note 20, _ante_). Table: 4 ochavillos = 1 racion; 4 raciones = 1 cuartillo; 2 cuartillos = 1 medio; 2 medios = 1 almude; 12 almudes = 1 fanega; 12 fanegas = 1 cahíz. [40] References to the shares, in goods discovered or produced, which were to be set aside for the king and the church. [41] _Elem:_ in Retana's text, "el _M_." In some old documents appears the name Elen (or Helin); it apparently refers to the islet off the southwest point of Mindoro which is now called Ylín. [42] _Pintados_ ("painted"): a term applied to the inhabitants of the Visayas (and afterward extended to those islands), because they painted their bodies with red clay--or, as some writers say, on account of their being tattooed. [43] The name Manila is derived from a Tagal word, _manilad,_ meaning "a place overgrown with _nilad_"--which is the name of a small tree, bearing white flowers _(Ixora manila)._ Some writers claim that the name is a corruption of _Maydila,_ from the Tagal words _may_ and _dila_, meaning "the place that has a tongue"--alluding to a tongue-shaped island formerly at the mouth of Pasig River.--_Rev. T. C. Middleton_, O.S.A. [44] Gold and other minerals are still obtained from the mines of Paracale (in the province of Ambos, Camarines), Luzón. [45] Blumentritt says (_Dic. mitológico de Filipinas_, pp. 34, 35), of the appellation Bathala: "This name, of Sanscrit origin, is or was given to various gods of the Malay Filipinos. The ancient Tagalos called their principal god _Badhala_, or _Bathala mey-kapal_ ["God the creator"], and gave the same name to the bird _Tigmamanukin_, ... and sometimes to the comets or other heavenly bodies, which, in their opinion, predicted future events." This is analogous to the manner in which the North American Indians apply such terms as "Manitou," "wakan," or "medicine," not only to their divinities, but to any phenomenon that is mysterious or incomprehensible to them. The term _Dîwata_ (_devata, diobata_), also of Sanscrit origin, is applied variously by different races in the archipelago--sometimes to the souls of ancestors (whom they invoke); sometimes to any inferior spirits, whether good or bad (_ut supra_ pp. 45, 46).