[5] The Great Wall of China was constructed during the reign of Hoangti, the second emperor of the Tsin dynasty (about 244 to 210 B.C.); it was built to protect the Chinese land from the invasions of the Tartar hordes on the west and north, among whom were those later known as Huns. [6] The oil extracted from sesame (_Sesamum indicum_); it is used by the natives for the hair, and in medicine. [7] Chichimecos (meaning "braves") was a term applied to all the wild tribes of Mexico; it was also used specially to designate the hunting and pastoral tribes in the northern provinces of the present country of Mexico--who, according to Humboldt (_New Spain_, Black's trans., London, 1811, i, p. 133), came to that country about 1170. See also G.P. Winship's _Coronado Expedition_ (Washington, 1896), p. 524. [8] A Malayan tribe, living in the provinces of Abra and Ilocos, in Luzón. See Sawyer's account of them, in his _Inhabitants of Philippines_ (N.Y., 1900), pp. 275-280. [9] The residencia is a Spanish institution, dating as far back as the fourteenth century, although its beginnings may be traced to the Visigothic codes. It required a judge or a governor, at the end of a term of office, to reside for a certain time (usually thirty or fifty days) at the chief place where he had exercised his functions. During that time, complaints of his conduct might be made by any person aggrieved, before an official appointed for that purpose. The residencia was a prominent feature of Spanish colonial administration. See Helps's _Spanish Conquest in America_, iii, ch. iii, for an account of this institution. [10] "In fortification, a work of extraordinary height, overlooking the surrounding parts as a horseman overlooks foot-soldiers." (Webster's _Dictionary_.) [11] This decree may be found in _Recopilación de leyes Indias_, lib. iv, tit. iii, ley xix. It seems to have been a general regulation, applied to any colonial possession as need might arise. [12] Crawfurd says, in his _Dictionary of the Indian Islands_ (London, 1856), p. 144: "In the language of the Bugis, whose country produces gold, we find a native word, _ulawang_, and this is again the case in the languages of the Tagalas of the Philippines, where we have the indigenous name _balituk_; while in the language of the volcanic Bisaya Islands we find the word _bulawang_, most probably a corruption of the Bugis word." [13] There is some mistake in this calculation; for the Chinese tael is equivalent to 1.1334 ounces, and the Spanish onza to 1.0161 ounces, in English or U.S. avoirdupois. The mace is one-tenth of the tael. 8 onzas = 1 marco; 2 marcos = 1 libra = 1.016097 U.S. pounds. The equivalent of one libra, then, would be nearly 12 taels and 2 mace. By _texuela_ is apparently meant the sheet gold previously mentioned.