[4] According to Hippocrates, the human body contained four humors--blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. [5] The custom of cutting off the heads of enemies probably arose from the desire to furnish unquestionable proofs of victory. The sight of these skulls would also intimidate the conquered, and restrain insubordination. The heads were offered in propitiation of the dead, thus entering into a quasi-worship; and the possession of these trophies is considered a mark of bravery and social distinction. See Herbert Spencer's Ceremonial Institutions (New York, 1880), pp. 38-40. [6] Primitive peoples often partake of the new corn sacramentally, because they suppose it to be instinct with a divine spirit or life. At a later age, with a different conception of natural processes, a portion of the fruits is presented as a thank-offering to the divine beings who are believed to have produced them; sometimes the first fruits are presented to the king, probably in his character as a god. For full descriptions of this custom, its observance, and meaning, see Frazer's Golden Bough (2d ed., London, 1900), ii, pp. 318-340, 459-471. [7] For detailed account of the natives of Formosa, their customs, mode of life, and religious beliefs, see Valentyn's Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iv, stuk ii, pp. 37 et seq. of the section entitled "Beschryvinge van Tayouan of Formosa." This matter is doubtless obtained from the writings of George Candidius, the first Dutch preacher in Tai-wan, and a missionary among the natives. He was preacher at Tai-wan during 1627-31, and 1633-37. See also the English version of his account of the Formosan natives, in Churchill's Collection of Voyages (London, 1704), i, pp. 526-533 (see our VOL. XXII, p. 99, note). See relation of religious affairs in the island during the Dutch occupation, with list of ministers, in Valentyn, ut supra, pp. 83-93. The latest, and apparently the most full and thorough account of the island is J. W. Davidson's Formosa Past and Present (London and New York, 1903). He describes the island, its resources, and its native tribes, and relates its history--for all which he has had access to the best material available, and the aid of scholars acquainted with the subject, besides his own long residence there; and presents the best map of Formosa yet published. [8] Juan de los Angeles made his profession in the Dominican convent at Zafra, in 1626, and came to the Philippines with Collado in 1635. He was sent to Formosa and remained there until its capture by the Dutch. Returning to Manila (1643), he labored many years, sometimes among the natives, but mainly in high offices of his order--among them, the priorate of his convent, and the provincialship of Filipinas; he was also rector of Santo Tomás college, and for many years president of San Juan de Letran college. He died at Manila in 1682, aged eighty years.