military force turbulent and undisciplined, composed of 6,276 soldiers, black or white; magistrates whose venality is notorious; an unjust and rapacious administration: can all these kinds of oppression, which would ruin even the most virtuous people, regenerate a nation that is idle, degraded, and corrupt?" [142] The English jurist John Selden published (London, 1635) a work that attracted great attention, entitled Mare clausum seu de dominio maris libri duo. A later edition (1636) added to this a considerable amount of matter relating to the navigation rights of the Dutch. The Macanaz mentioned by Viana in several places was probably Melchor Rafael de Macanaz, a fiscal of Castilla early in the eighteenth century (Revue Hispanique, vi, p. 455). [143] At the foot of the MS. page is written the following comment, in the same hand as that mentioned ante, p. 249, note 130: "The author agrees to this opinion, which is contrary to his own, through fear of ignorant and angry ecclesiastics." [144] Spanish, como en un Presidio, alluding to the custom of banishing a political offender to some remote military post, from which escape was, of course, practically impossible. [145] In the text, vicias, a word which does not appear (save as a botanical term) in the Spanish dictionaries; its translation, therefore, is necessarily conjectural. [146] An alloy of copper and nickel, known as "white copper" and "German silver," and to the Chinese as Packfong and petong. [147] The Dictionnaire universel de commerce of Jacques Savary des Bruslons was published at Paris, 1723-30; it had numerous editions, and was translated into English (London, 1751-55). [148] In text, capingotes; this word is not in the dictionaries, and suggests the blunder of some amanuensis in confusing capirotes and redingotes. [149] Manungal (Samadera indica): "the wood is used in making cups which turn liquid placed in them bitter; the bitter substance has certain medicinal properties." (Official Handbook of the Philippines, p. 353.) Blanco (who named this tree Manungala, but later Niota) says that this bitter principle is successfully used in cholera morbus; and Montero y Vidal (Archipiélago filipino, p. 77), that "it was as efficacious as Peruvian bark in fevers." In the same work (pp. 389, 391) manungal is, apparently by some oversight, identified with the macabuhay (Tinospora), which latter name is also applied, according to Merrill's Dictionary of Plant Names (p. 76) to Lunasia amara.