Chart of China Sea and the Philippines, 1794, in The complete East India pilot, printed for Laurie & Whittle (London, 1800), ii, map 114; photographic facsimile from copy in Library of Congress. Frontispiece Plan of a portion of Manila, showing new works constructed December 15, 1770-June 15, 1771, drawn by the engineer Dionisio Kelly, 1771; photographic facsimile from MS. map (in colors), in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 29 Chart of the port of San Luis, in the Marianas Islands, 1738; photographic facsimile from original manuscript by Adjutant Domingo Garrido de Malavar, in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 67 Plan of the environs, and a portion of the coast and bay adjacent to the city of Manila, 1779 (?); photographic facsimile from original MS. map (in colors), in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 161 Plan showing outer works of Manila, drawn by the engineer Tomás Sanz; photographic facsimile from original MS. map (in colors), in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 193 PREFACE In the present volume, a brief outline of events in Filipinas during the period 1801-40 serves as a background and setting for the following surveys of political, social, and economic conditions in the islands during that period. Of these, one is made by an English naval officer who had visited the islands, another by a Spanish official of long experience, and a third (presented in synopsis) by a merchant familiar with the commerce of the Orient and the Americas. These different accounts (written at nearly the same time) furnish most valuable knowledge of the Philippines and their people, and their needs and possibilities; and at the same time they reflect the more enlightened and liberal ideas of policy and administration which had gained a foothold in Spain, and which the recent loss of her other colonies had made her more willing to put in practice in Filipinas.