or to make suitable provision for reëxportation of goods--which have prevented Manila from being one of the great centers of Oriental trade. The second part of these "Remarks" is devoted to Manila; a description of the city, its fortifications (which our writer considers very inefficient on the side next to Pasig River), streets, public buildings, mode of constructing houses, and the public cemetery; and social conditions there, which are unfavorable to morality and the development of character. The author criticises the colonial policy of Spain, and regards her tenure of rule over Filipinas as precarious, especially as discontent and ideas of political freedom are spreading among the Indians. Of unusual interest and value is a memorial written (April 26, 1827) by Manuel Bernaldez Pizarro, on the "causes which antagonize the security and progress of the Filipinas Islands," and which bring about their backward condition, with the measures which he judges desirable for their correction. As a high official in Filipinas during seventeen years, his opinions are of much importance, especially as he was evidently a clear-sighted and upright statesman, a keen observer, and a logical thinker--albeit he was, like the majority of government officials, still much under the sway of autocratic and regalistic notions--and was fertile in ideas and projects for improving the condition of Filipinas. The memorial is methodically arranged in sections relating to military affairs, Moro piracies, land-titles, Spanish vs. native clerics, the residence of foreigners in the islands, character of government officials, administration of justice, taxes and revenue, commerce, agriculture, manufactures, etc.