The philosophical and mathematical commentaries of Proclus on the first book of Euclid's elements (Vol. 1 of 2) : $b To which are added, A history of the restoration of Platonic theology, by the latter Platonists: And a translation from the Greek of Proclus's Theological elementsProclus
Philosophy
The philosophical and mathematical commentaries of Proclus on the first book of Euclid's elements (Vol. 1 of 2) : $b To which are added, A history of the restoration of Platonic theology, by the latter Platonists: And a translation from the Greek of Proclus's Theological elements
Proclus
Euclid. Elements; Platonists
triangle symbolizes with partible lives, which are on all sides lame
and defective, which prepare themselves for generation, and are replete
with matter and material imperfection.
DEFINITION XXX.
Of Quadrilateral Figures, a QUADRANGLE or SQUARE is that which
has all its Sides equal, and all its Angles Right Angles.
DEFINITION XXXI.
An OBLONG is that which has all its Angles right Angles, but
has not all its Sides equal.
DEFINITION XXXII.
A RHOMBUS, is that which has all its Sides equal, but its
Angles are not right Angles.
DEFINITION XXXIII.
A RHOMBOID is that which has its opposite Sides equal to one
another, but all its Sides are not equal, nor its Angles Right
Angles.
DEFINITION XXXIV.
All other Quadrilateral Figures besides these, are called
TRAPEZIUMS.
It is requisite that the first division of quadrilateral figures should
take place in two numbers; and that some of them should be called
parallelograms, but others non-parallelograms. But of parallelograms
some are rectangular and equilateral, as quadrangles; but others
neither of these, as rhomboids: others again, are rectangular, but not
equilateral, as oblongs: but others, on the contrary, are equilateral,
but not rectangular, as the rhombuses. For it is requisite either
to possess both, viz. equality of sides and rectitude of angles, or
neither; or one of these, and this in a twofold respect. Hence a
parallelogram has a quadruple subsistence. But of non-parallelograms,
some have only two parallel sides, and not the rest; but others have
none of their sides parallel. And those are called Trapeziums, but
these Trapezoids. But of Trapeziums, some, indeed, have the sides
equal, by which the parallel sides of this kind are conjoined;
but others unequal; and the former of these are called isosceles
trapeziums; but the latter scalene trapeziums. A quadrilateral figure,
therefore, is constituted by us according to a seven-fold distribution.
For one is a quadrangle; but the other an oblong; the third a rhombus;
the fourth a rhomboides; the fifth an isosceles trapezium; the sixth
a scalene trapezium; the seventh a trapezoid. But Possidonius makes
a perfect division of right-lined quadrilateral figures into so many
members; for he establishes seven species of these; as likewise
of triangles. But Euclid could not divide into parallelograms and
non parallelograms, because he neither mentions parallels, nor
teaches us concerning the parallelogram itself. But trapeziums, and
all trapezoids, he calls by a common name, describing trapeziums
themselves, according to the difference of those four figures[181], in
which the property of parallelograms is verified. And this is to have
the opposite sides and angles equal. For a quadrangle and an oblong,
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