In so doing we set up the schemes of phylogeny. We divide all organisms into plants and animals, and then we subdivide each of these kingdoms of life into a small number of sub-kingdoms, in each of which we set up classes, orders, families, genera, and species. But our classification is no longer merely a formal arrangement whereby we introduce order into the confusion of naturally occurring things. It is now a “family tree,” and from it we attempt to deduce the descent of any one of the members represented in it. The sub-kingdoms, or phyla, of organisms are the primary groups in this evolutionary classification. We divide all animals into about nine of these phyla--the Protozoa or unicellular organisms; the Porifera or sponges; the Cœlenterates, a group which includes all such organisms as Zoophytes, Corals, Sea-Anemones, and “Jelly-fishes”; the Platyhelminth worms, that is the Tapeworms, Trematodes, and some other structurally similar animals which live freely in nature; the Annelids, a rather heterogeneous assemblage of creatures which includes all those animals commonly called worms; the Echinoderms, which are the Star-fishes, Sea-Urchins, and Feather-Stars found in the sea; the Molluscs, that is the animals of which the Oyster, the Periwinkle, the Garden-Slug and the Octopus are good examples; the Arthropods, which include the Crustacea, the Insects, and the Spiders; and lastly the Vertebrates. Any such classification we naturally endeavour to make as complete a one as possible, but round the bases of the larger groups there cling small groups of organisms the precise relationships of which are doubtful. Yet, on the whole, these sub-kingdoms of organisms represent clearly the main directions along which the present complexity of animal structure has been evolved.