The Philosophy of Evolution: Together With a Preliminary Essay on The Metaphysical Basis of ScienceCarpenter, Stephen H. (Stephen Haskins)
Religion
The Philosophy of Evolution: Together With a Preliminary Essay on The Metaphysical Basis of Science
Carpenter, Stephen H. (Stephen Haskins)
Evolution; Science
Reading this same truth in the forms of matter, we may say that species
will not pass into higher species without the intervention of a force
distinct from either. The impulse which adds a new attribute must be
intellectually separable from all those pre-existing, and its material
representation must be physically distinct from pre-existing forms. This
complete separability precludes the possibility of mere physical
genesis. The added attribute is presented by a new form of matter,
revealing the presence of a new thought--a new effect, requiring the
agency of a new cause. In accordance with the usual economy of nature,
who never duplicates her forces, change will be made only so far as may
be necessary to communicate the additional idea. Organisms representing
previous thoughts will be added to, in order to express the expansion of
the thought, instead of a creation _de novo_ in each instance. Thus an
identical cellular structure will be found in all organic beings, from
the lowest to the highest, each higher type carrying forward the idea
and its physical expression found in the lower. The differences between
no two terms in the series can be total, nor can any two terms be
identical, as each higher species will embrace all the attributes of the
lower, differing only by the addition of others. This is simply the
physical expression of the logical truth that whatever can be predicated
of the genus can be predicated of every individual contained under it.
As the individual is only the expansion of the genus, so higher physical
types must also be similar expansions of lower.
Here, then, is evolution, or development: primarily an evolution of the
generic into the individual, the continued differentiation of a generic
idea through successive individualizations, each adding to the previous
group of attributes, thus rendering the idea increasingly complex; and,
secondly, an apparent physical evolution or development, interpreting
this logical process by a series of physical forms so related as to
reveal the relation existing between the thoughts thus interpreted. In
the physical representation of the ideas so related, there must be an
apparent physical evolution--that is, the process of evolution logically
must, like the ideas thus evolved, have a physical expression, and the
successive steps in this logical evolution must be revealed by material
forms bearing an analogous relation, and thereby expressing the logical
process. Matter is nothing, so far as we are now concerned, but the
condition necessary to the objective expression of thought. Every phase
of matter is simply an objective formulation of a corresponding phase of
thought. Every addition to form implies an antecedent increase of
thought, as there can be no formal expression until there is something
to be expressed. There can, then, be no such thing as mere material
evolution, for whatever is material is only symbolical.
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