The year 1820 was marked by the simultaneous outbreak of several revolutions in different countries of Europe, and by symptoms of general discontent, distrust, and agitation in other parts. The violent, though transitory volcanic eruptions which convulsed and desolated the south of Europe, scattered sparkles and ashes on the already burning soil of France, and shook on her rocky bed even the ocean-queen. In Germany the wild revolutionary enthusiasm which pervaded a large portion of the youth--the frenzied joy with which the assassination of Kotzbue had been hailed--the wide spread of associations fatal to the peace and freedom of mankind, and the pernicious anti-social doctrines proclaimed in many writings, and even from some professorial chairs, led the different governments to measures of severe scrutiny and jealous vigilance, likely by a re-action to prove dangerous to the cause of liberty. The causes of these various social phenomena it is not my business here to point out; but I may observe in passing, that these discontents--these struggles--these revolutions had their origin partly in natural causes, partly in the errors both of governments and nations. The general disjointing of all interests--the derangement in the concerns of all classes of society produced by the transition from a state of long protracted warfare to a state of general peace--the blunders committed by the Congress of Vienna in the settlement of Europe--the blind recurrence in some European states to the thoroughly worn-out absolutism of the eighteenth century, injurious as that political system had proved to religion, to social order, and to national prosperity--in other countries, a rash imitation of the mere outward forms of the British constitution, without any true knowledge of its internal organism--above all, the deadly legacy of anti-christian doctrines, and anti-social principles, which the last age had bequeathed to the present--such, independently of minor and more local reasons, are the principal causes, to which, I think, the impartial voice of history will ascribe the political commotions of that period. It was now evident that the great work of European Restoration had been but half-accomplished; and that the malignant Typhon of revolution was collecting his scattered members, recruiting his exhausted energies, and preparing anew to assault, oppress, and desolate the world.