eminent philosopher believed them to be true--which, of course, means that the conclusions are false. Thus appeared the true nature of legitimate political arguments. FOOTNOTES: [1] [This Essay is also reprinted in Mr. Russell's _Mysticism and Logic_, London and New York, 1918, pp. 46-57.--ED.] "Even a joke should have some meaning...." (The Red Queen, _T. L. G._, p. 105). CONTENTS PAGE EDITOR'S NOTE 3 ABBREVIATIONS 9 CHAPTER I. THE INDEFINABLES OF LOGIC 11 II. OBJECTIVE VALIDITY OF THE "LAWS OF THOUGHT" 15 III. IDENTITY 16 IV. IDENTITY OF CLASSES 18 V. ETHICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE LAW OF IDENTITY 19 VI. THE LAW OF CONTRADICTION IN MODERN LOGIC 21 VII. SYMBOLISM AND MEANING 22 VIII. NOMINALISM 24 IX. AMBIGUITY AND SYMBOLIC LOGIC 26 X. LOGICAL ADDITION AND THE UTILITY OF SYMBOLISM 27 XI. CRITICISM 29 XII. HISTORICAL CRITICISM 30 XIII. IS THE MIND IN THE HEAD? 31 XIV. THE PRAGMATIST THEORY OF TRUTH 32 XV. ASSERTION 34 XVI. THE COMMUTATIVE LAW 35 XVII. UNIVERSAL AND PARTICULAR PROPOSITIONS 36 XVIII. DENIAL OF GENERALITY AND GENERALITY OF DENIAL 37 XIX. IMPLICATION 39 XX. DIGNITY 43 XXI. THE SYNTHETIC NATURE OF DEDUCTION 45 XXII. THE MORTALITY OF SOCRATES 48 XXIII. DENOTING 53 XXIV. THE 54 XXV. NON-ENTITY 56 XXVI. IS 58 XXVII. AND AND OR 59 XXVIII. THE CONVERSION OF RELATIONS 60 XXIX. PREVIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES OF MATHEMATICS 61 XXX. FINITE AND INFINITE 63 XXXI. THE MATHEMATICAL ATTAINMENTS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY 64 XXXII. THE HARDSHIPS OF A MAN WITH AN UNLIMITED INCOME 66 XXXIII. THE RELATIONS OF MAGNITUDE OF CARDINAL NUMBERS 69 XXXIV. THE UNKNOWABLE 70