Definition of law--Philosophical and empirical concept of society--Laws as individual product: programmes of individual life--Exclusion of the character of constriction: critique of this concept--Identical characters of individual and social laws--Individual laws as the sole real in ultimate analysis--Critique of the division of laws into judicial and social, and into the sub-classes of these. Empiricity of every division of laws--Extension of the concept of laws. II THE CONSTITUTIVE ELEMENTS OF LAWS. CRITIQUE OF PERMISSIVE LAWS AND OF NATURAL LAW 481 The volitional character and the character of class--Distinction of laws from the so-called laws of nature--Implication of the second in the first--Distinction of laws from practical principles--Laws and single acts--Identity of imperative, prohibitive, and permissive laws--Permissive character of every law and impermissive character of every principle--Changeability of laws--Empirical considerations as to modes of change--Critique of the eternal Code or natural right--Natural right as the new right--Natural right as Philosophy of the practical--Critique of natural right--Theory of natural right persisting in judicial judgments and problems. III UNREALITY OF LAW AND REALITY OF EXECUTION. FUNCTION OF LAW IN THE PRACTICAL SPIRIT 497 Law as abstract and unreal volition--Ineffectually of laws and effectuality of practical principles--Exemplificatory explanation--Doctrines against the utility of laws--Their unmaintainability--Unmaintainability of confutations of them--Empirical meaning of these controversies--Necessity of laws--Laws as preparation for action--Analogy between practical and theoretical Spirit: practical laws and empirical concepts--The promotion of order in reality and in representation--Origin of the concept of plan or design. IV CONFUSION BETWEEN LAWS AND PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES. CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL LEGALISM AND OF JESUITIC MORALITY 511 Transformation of principles into practical laws: legalism--Genesis of the concept of the practically licit and indifferent--Its consequence: the arbitrary--Ethical legalism as a simple special case of the practical--Critique of the practically indifferent--Contests of rigorists and of latitudinarians and their common error--Jesuitic morality as doctrine of fraud on moral law--Concept of legal fraud--Absurdity of fraud against oneself and against the moral conscience--Jesuitic morality not explainable by mere legalism--Jesuitic morality as alliance of legalism with theological utilitarianism--Distinction between Jesuitic practice and doctrine. V JUDICIAL ACTIVITY AS GENERICALLY PRACTICAL ACTIVITY (ECONOMIC) 526