Produced by John Hagerson, Charles Aldarondo, Linda Cantoni, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net THE PIANOFORTE SONATA ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT BY J.S. SHEDLOCK, B.A. [Illustration: MONUMENT OF BERNARDO PASQUINI IN THE CHURCH OF SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA ROME SKETCHED BY STRITCH HUTTON] METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET, W.C. LONDON CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY 1 II. JOHANN KUHNAU 38 III. BERNARDO PASQUINI: A CONTEMPORARY OF J. KUHNAU 71 IV. EMANUEL BACH AND SOME OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES 82 V. HAYDN AND MOZART 111 VI. PREDECESSORS OF BEETHOVEN 130 VII. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 160 VIII. TWO CONTEMPORARIES OF BEETHOVEN 192 IX. SCHUMANN, CHOPIN, BRAHMS, AND LISZT 207 X. THE SONATA IN ENGLAND 221 XI. MODERN SONATAS, DUET SONATAS, SONATINAS, ETC. 235 INDEX 241 PREFACE This little volume is entitled "The Pianoforte Sonata: its Origin and Development." Some of the early sonatas mentioned in it were, however, written for instruments of the jack or tangent kind. Even Beethoven's sonatas up to Op. 27, inclusive, were published for "Clavicembalo o Pianoforte." The Germans have the convenient generic term "Clavier," which includes the old and the new instruments with hammer action; hence, they speak of a _Clavier Sonate_ written, say, by Kuhnau, in the seventeenth, or of one by Brahms in the nineteenth, century. The term "Piano e Forte" is, however, to be found in letters of a musical instrument maker named Paliarino, written, as we learn from the valuable article "Pianoforte," contributed by Mr. Hipkins to Sir George Grove's _Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, already in the year 1598, and addressed to Alfonso II., Duke of Modena. The earliest sonata for a keyed instrument mentioned in this volume was published in 1695; and to avoid what seems an unnecessary distinction, I have used the term "Pianoforte Sonata" for that sonata and for some other works which followed, and which are usually and properly termed "Harpsichord Sonatas." I have to acknowledge kind assistance received from Mr. A.W. Hutton, Mr. F.G. Edwards, and Mr. E. Van der Straeten. And I also beg to thank Mr. W. Barclay Squire and Mr. A. Hughes-Hughes for courteous help at the British Museum; likewise Dr. Kopfermann, chief librarian of the musical section of the Berlin Royal Library. J.S. SHEDLOCK. LONDON, 1895. THE PIANOFORTE SONATA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY