--Συνάπτειν τὰν, περὶ τὰς Ἡρακλείους στήλας, τόπον περὶ τῷ τὴν Ἰνδικήν. [13] In the Highlands the church is still called _clachan_, or the stones. [14] “Sed nulla effigies simulacrave nota deorum.”--SIL. ITAL. [15] “Castumque cubile.”--_Id._ [16] Phil. in Apoll. v. 5. [17] Καὶ τῷ φοινίκων νόμῳ ὄτι νεὼς πεποίηται τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ τῷ ἔκει καὶ θυσίαι θύοντο.--L. 2. [18] Ἀπὸ Ἡρακλεἴων στηλὼν τὼν εν τῇ Εὐρὡπη ἑμπόρια πολλὰ, κ.τ.λ.--SCYLAX. Cadiz has still retained them as her arms:-- “The Tyrian islanders, On whose proud ensigns floating to the wind, Alcides’ Pillars towered.”--_The Lusiad_, b. iv. [19] There is a dispute between Mannert and Gosselin about Hanno’s measurements, because they will not take his point of departure, viz. “the pillars of Hercules,” but will take mounts Abyla and Calpe. Heeren, as usual, interferes, and settles the matter thus: “The pillars of Hercules did not so much mean Abyla and Calpe as the _whole Straits_!” [20] Bacon has adorned his first edition of his “Novum Organum” with a frontispiece, where a vessel is seen sailing forth between the two columns. [21] I am here venturing to anticipate a future conclusion of science, viz. that the sea is salt only to a certain depth. [22] “How different would have been the present state of temperature, of vegetation, of agriculture, and even of human society, if the major axes of the old and new continents had been given the same direction; if the chain of the Andes, instead of following a meridian, had been directed from east to west; if no heat-radiating mass of tropical land extended to the south of Europe; or if the Mediterranean, which was once in connection both with the Caspian and Red Sea, and which has so powerfully favoured the social establishment of nations, were not in existence; that is to say, if its bed had been raised to the level of the plains of Lombardy and of the ancient Cyrene.”--_Cosmos_, vol. i. p. 205. [23] “The levels of the Sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea are respectively 666 and 1,311 English feet below the level of the Mediterranean.”--_Cosmos_, vol. i. p. 288. CHAPTER II. THE CURRENTS OF THE STRAITS.