ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, IN A NEW SERIES OF ORIGINAL LETTERS; NOW FIRST PUBLISHED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, STATE PAPER OFFICE, &c. By SIR HENRY ELLIS. 4 vols., post 8vo., 24s. MEMOIRS OF THE TWO REBELLIONS IN SCOTLAND IN 1715 AND 1745; OR, THE ADHERENTS OF THE STUARTS. By MRS. THOMSON. 3 vols., 8vo., 42s. AN ACCOUNT OF THE KINGDOM OF CAUBUL AND ITS DEPENDENCIES IN PERSIA, TARTARY, AND INDIA. By THE RIGHT HONOURABLE MOUNTSTUART ELPHINSTONE. 2 vols., 8vo., 28s. A CENTURY OF CARICATURES; OR, ENGLAND UNDER THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. By THOMAS WRIGHT. 2 vols., 8vo., 30s. SOCIAL LIFE IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By MISS BERRY. 2 vols., small 8vo., 21s. THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAGIC, PRODIGIES, AND APPARENT MIRACLES. FROM THE FRENCH. Edited and illustrated with Notes by A. T. THOMSON, M.D. 2 vols., 8vo., 28s. AN ANTIQUARIAN RAMBLE IN THE STREETS OF LONDON, WITH ANECDOTES OF THEIR MOST CELEBRATED RESIDENTS. By JOHN THOMAS SMITH. Second Edition. 2 vols., 8vo., 28s. DIARIES AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES HARRIS, FIRST EARL OF MALMESBURY. EDITED BY HIS GRANDSON, THE THIRD EARL. 4 vols., 8vo., 60s. MEMOIRS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON; TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED A HISTORY OF THE HUNDRED DAYS, OF THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, AND OF NAPOLEON’S EXILE AND DEATH AT ST. HELENA. By M. BOURRIENNE. Numerous Portraits. 4 vols., 8vo., 30s. MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SIR CHRISTOPHER HATTON, K.G, By SIR HARRIS NICOLAS, G.C.M.G. 8vo., 15s. HOWITT’S HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE BRITISH POETS. Numerous Fine Engravings. 2 vols., 8vo., 21s. THE PROSE WRITERS OF AMERICA, WITH A SURVEY OF THE HISTORY, CONDITION, AND PROSPECTS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. By R. W. GRISWOLD. 1 vol., 8vo., 18s. THE LIFE AND REMAINS OF THEODORE HOOK. By THE REV. R. D. BARHAM. Second Edition. 2 vols., post 8vo., 21s. ROLLO AND HIS RACE; OR, FOOTSTEPS OF THE NORMANS. By ACTON WARBURTON. Second Edition. 2 vols., 21s. RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. THE PILLARS OF HERCULES; OR A NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS IN SPAIN AND MOROCCO IN 1848. BY DAVID URQUHART, ESQ., MP., AUTHOR OF “TURKEY AND ITS RESOURCES,” “THE SPIRIT OF THE EAST,” ETC. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY, Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty. 1850. LONDON: Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY and HENRY FLEY, Bangor House, Shoe Lane. INTRODUCTION. I did not visit Morocco or Spain on any settled plan. I was on my way to Italy by sea, and passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, was so fascinated by the beauty and mysteries of the adjoining lands, that I relinquished my proposed excursion for the explorations which are here recorded.