Home stands by itself as the name of a place--“Ham House,” “the Ham Town,” as in Nort_ham_pton, Notting_ham_, Bucking_ham_, _Ham_pstead. I had observed that such names generally applied to a low, or a protected site. In the Highlands of Scotland, within the memory of man, the pasturage was distributed between the two seasons; the cattle being taken to the higher regions in the summer, the lower portions being reserved for their support during the winter. The _shieling_ was erected for the farm service in the summer; the homestead, or _hame_, was the winter abode; I had, therefore, concluded that home or hame was derived from _hyems_. I had been struck by a similar analogy in the Turkish word for castle, _kishla_, from _kish_. Winter was first applied to the solid buildings of the winter farm as contrasted with the _yazin_, or light shielings erected on the summer pasturage. This word, so peculiarly English, is not confined to England. It is used nearly in our adverbial sense throughout the north of Europe, and in our topographic sense in France. There is _Ham_, _de Ham_, as the names of places, and every village is their _hameau_. In Africa we have the same thing. _El Ham_, the name of a place (Algeria). _Hamma_ (Breber) for village, or quarter of a town. In Judæa, _hammoth_, _hamma_, Laga.[304] The home of Arab independence is _Tihama_.[305] There could not be in French, English, German, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Breber, a word implying both a state of weather and a habitation, by accident. In the early times there was no difficulty in transferring usages and names. Each region was not replenished, nor each tongue complete.