_Ibid._ He uses the words “mathematicas artes” instead of “astrologiam” but the words following make his meaning evident: “nullo non avido futura de sese sciendi atque ea e caelo verissime pati credente.” Footnote 64: _Ibid._ “Natam primum e medicina nemo dubitat ac specie salutari inrepisse velut altiorem sanctioremque medicinam.” Footnote 65: Bk. xxx, ch. 2. Footnote 66: Bk. xxvi, ch. 9. Footnote 67: Bk. xxx, ch. 2. “Eudoxus qui inter sapientiae sectas clarissimam utilissimamque eam intellegi voluit.” Footnote 68: Bk. xxviii, ch. 23. Footnote 69: Bk. xxvi, ch. 9. Footnote 70: Bk. xxxvii, ch. 40. The word in this passage which I render as “potion” is in the Latin “veneficium”—a word difficult to translate owing to its double meaning. “Venenum” signifies a drug or potion of any sort, and then in a bad sense a drug used to poison or a potion used to bewitch. In a passage soon to be cited Pliny contrasts “veneficæ artes” to “magicæ artes” but I doubt if he always preserved such a distinction. A similar confusion exists in regard to the Greek word φάρμακον, as Plato sets forth clearly in his _Laws_. There are, he says, two kinds of poisons employed by men which cannot be clearly distinguished. One variety injures bodies “according to a natural law.” “There is also another kind which persuades the more daring class that they can do injury by sorceries and incantations....” _Laws_, bk. xi, p. 933 (Steph.). Jowett’s translation. Footnote 71: Bk. xxxvii, ch. 60. “Magorum inpudentiæ vel manifestissimum in hac quoque exemplum est....” Footnote 72: Bk. xxx, ch. 5, 6. Footnote 73: Bk. xxviii, ch. 2. Pliny’s own medicine is not prudish, and elsewhere he gives instances of devotees of magic guarding against defilement. (Bk. xxx, ch. 6 and xxviii, ch. 19). Footnote 74: Bk. xxviii, ch. 23. “Quanta vanitate,” adds Pliny, “si falsum est, quanta vero noxia, si transferunt morbos!” Footnote 75: Bk. xxx, ch. 4. Footnote 76: Bk. xxx, ch. 6. “Proinde ita persuasum sit, intestabilem, inritam, inanem esse, habentem tamen quasdam veritatis umbras, sed in his veneficas artis pollere non magicas.” Footnote 77: Concerning the stag, see bk. viii, ch. 50. On the use of frogs and fishes to cure fevers, bk. xxxii, ch. 38. Footnote 78: Bk. xxvi, ch. 59. Footnote 79: Bk. xxi, ch. 105. Footnote 80: Bk. xviii, ch. 8. Footnote 81: Bk. xxiv, ch. 102. Footnote 82: Bk. xxiv, chs. 106, 107, 109, 110, 111. Evidently these last remedies derive their force not merely from magic powers inherent in vegetation. The effect of ceremony and of circumstance becomes a factor. Footnote 83: Bk. xxxvii, ch. 36. Footnote 84: Bk. xxxvii, ch. 58. Footnote 85: Bk. ii, ch. 106. Footnote 86: