not know, but it must have been early, as in Shakespeare's time the sorts of Cloves, Carnations, and Pinks were so many that Gerard says: "A great and large volume would not suffice to write of every one at large in particular, considering how infinite they are, and how every yeare, every clymate and countrey, bringeth forth new sorts, and such as have not heretofore bin written of;" and so we may certainly say now--the description of the many kinds of Carnations and Picotees, with directions for their culture, would fill a volume. FOOTNOTES: [48:1] This is the more modern way of spelling it. In the first folio it is "Gillyvor." "Chaucer writes it Gylofre, but by associating it with the the Nutmeg and other spices, appears to mean the Clove Tree, which is, in fact, the proper signification."--_Flora Domestica._ In the "Digby Mysteries" (Mary Magdalene, l. 1363) the Virgin Mary is addressed as "the Jentyll Jelopher." [48:2] Picotee is from the French word _picoté_ marked with little pricks round the edge, like the "picots," on lace, _picot_ being the technical term in France for the small twirls which in England are called "purl" or "pearl." [48:3] Wine thus flavoured was evidently a very favourite beverage. "Bartholemeus Peytevyn tenet duas Caracutas terræ in Stony-Aston in Com. Somerset de Domino Rege in capite per servitium unius[48:a] Sextarii vini Gariophilati reddendi Domino Regi per annum ad Natale Domini. Et valet dicta terra per ann. _xl._" [48:a] "A Sextary of July-flower wine, and a Sextary contained about a pint and a half, sometimes more."--BLOUNT'S _Antient Tenures_. CARRAWAYS. _Shallow._ Nay, you shall see my orchard, where, in an arbour we will eat a last year's Pippin of my own graffing, with a dish of Caraways and so forth. _2nd Henry IV_, act v, sc. 3 (1). Carraways are the fruit of Carum carui, an umbelliferous plant of a large geographical range, cultivated in the eastern counties, and apparently wild in other parts of England, but not considered a true native. In Shakespeare's time the seed was very popular, and was much more freely used than in our day. "The seed," says Parkinson, "is much used to be put among baked fruit, or into bread, cakes, &c., to give them a rellish. It is also made into comfits and put into Trageas or (as we call them in English) Dredges, that are taken for cold or wind in the body, as also are served to the table with fruit." Carraways are frequently mentioned in the old writers as an accompaniment to Apples. In a very interesting bill of fare of 1626, extracted from the account book of Sir Edward Dering, is the following-- "Carowaye and comfites, 6d. A Warden py that the cooke Made--we fining y{e} Wardens. 2s. 4d. Second Course. A cold Warden pie. Complement. Apples and Carrawayes."--_Notes and Queries_, i, 99.