41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. 42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. 42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem --43. 43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10. 43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 74. 44a. Sepals 2 3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. 44b. Sepals 4 or 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48. 45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top =SARRACENIACEAE=, p. 48. 45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13. GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES 1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes =DIOSCOREACEAE=, p. 14. 1b. Plants with milky juice 13a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115. 1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. --2. 2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape =ARACEAE=, p. 8. 2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters --3. 2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class --9. 3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed --4. 3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a --5. 4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow =GRAMINEAE=, p. 4.