[70] Maire, _Société Havraise d’Etudes Diverses_, 1855-1856. [71] _Unité de l’Espèce Humaine_, 1861, p. 24. [72] Maire, _Société Havraise d’Etudes Diverses_, 1855-1856. We can make the same comparison with a passage almost similar from Maupertuis, _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 134. [73] _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 95. [74] See É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. iv, p. 261. [75] See Flourens, _Histoire des Travaux de Buffon_, 1844, p. 135. Descartes made use of the absence of speech in animals as a strong argument against them. [76] See Gratiolet, _Bulletins de la Soc. d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 18 April, 1861. [77] See J. Grimm, _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859, p. 53. [78] _Traité de l’Origine du Langage_, Engl. transl., 1827, p. 6. [79] _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859. [80] _De l’Origine du Langage_, 2nd edit., 1858. [81] It is by tracing, according to custom, effects to their causes, that the Buddhist philosophy arrives at the principles of joint responsibility, which, according to it, unites reason to language, making them mutually flow one from the other. “Name and form have as a cause, _intellect_, and intellect has for a cause, _name_ and _form_.”--See Burnouf, _Le Lotus de la bonne loi_, p. 550. Mercurius Trismegistus, in the Pimander (Pimander, _De sapientiâ et potestate Dei_), says almost the same thing: “Speech is the sister of intellect; intellect is the sister of language.” See Rechtenbach, _De Sermone Brutorum_, 1706, p. 2. [82] See _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859. [83] _De l’Origine du Langage_, 1858, p. 31. [84] See Jacob Grimm, _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859, p. 29. [85] Father Pardies (S. J.), in a work, otherwise of no great value, _Discours de la Connaissance des Bêtes_, 1672, p. 39. [86] _Recherches sur les mœurs de fourmis indigènes_, Genève, 1810. [87] We refer our readers for all these questions to the remarkable works of M. Toussenel. [88] _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 217. [89] It may be seen, in analysing these two simple facts, that they lead us to admit the existence of a notion of _duty_ among animals, although, perhaps, an obscure one:--they know that they _ought_ to act as they are doing from fear of a whipping, and this is an operation of the mind which no one, we think, will deny to be complex in its nature, and purely intellectual. [90] Isid. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. iii, 1860, p. 114. M. Roulin has remarked, that there is something analogous in this as regards the cat, which loses, in the savage state, those troublesome mewings which we hear so often during the night from the European race.--_Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle_, vol. xvii.