A result similar to this was observed by Perkins, but its correctness most unjustly doubted. Having made an iron shell containing water, and carefully plugged up, white hot, it was found that the steam never exerted sufficient force to burst the vessel, as it was expected it would do. He caused a hole to be drilled into the bottom of the white-hot shell, and he was surprised to find that no water flowed through the orifice, until the iron was considerably cooled, when it issued forth with violence in the form of steam. Here we have the _Cagniard de la Tour state_ first induced, and the calorific repulsion of the spheroidal state supervenes. If water is poured upon an iron sieve, the wires of which are made red hot, it will not percolate; but on cooling, it runs through rapidly. M. Boutigny, pursuing this curious inquiry, has recently proved that the moisture upon the skin is sufficient to protect it from disorganization, if the arm is plunged into baths of melted metal. The resistance of the surfaces is so great, that little elevation of temperature is experienced.[79] Professor Plücker, of Bonn, has stated that by washing the arm with ether previously to plunging it into melted metal, the sensation produced, while in the molten mass, is that of freezing coldness. We have now seen that heat at different degrees of intensity appears to produce chemical composition--that it decomposes combined elements--that it alters the conditions of bodies, and actually maintains so powerfully a repellent force, that fluids cannot touch the heated body. More than this, it exerts a most powerful antagonistic influence over all chemical relations. If, to give one example, the volatile element iodine is put into a glowing hot capsule, it resolves itself immediately into a spheroid. Potash rapidly combines with iodine; but if a piece of this alkali is thrown upon it in the capsule, it also takes the spheroidal form, and both bodies revolve independently of each other, their chemical affinities being entirely suspended;--but allow the capsule to cool, and they combine immediately. Science teaches us that a temperature so exalted as not to burn organic bodies may be produced, and points to us this remarkable fact, that the destructive limits of heat are measured between certain degrees--beyond which a fire, by reason of its intensity, ceases to develope heat. What is the radiant force into which this principle changes? The experiments of Cagniard de la Tour and of Boutigny (d’Evreux), connect themselves, in a striking manner, with those of Mr. Grove and Dr. Robinson; and they teach us that but a very slight alteration in the proportions of the calorific principle given to this planet would completely change the character of every material substance of which it is composed, unless there was an alteration in the physical condition of the elements themselves.