61 d’Elia translation, cited, pp. 130-131. d’Elia’s italics, covering the last two sentences in the quotation, have been omitted as superfluous. As an illustration of the difference between the translation of d’Elia and that of Hsü, the same paragraph might also be cited from the latter translation. “The ethical value of everything is relative and so nothing in the world is innately good or innately bad. It is determined by circumstances. A thing that is useful to us is a good thing; otherwise, a bad thing. Also, a thing that is useful and advantageous to the world is a good thing; otherwise, a bad thing.” Hsü translation, cited, pp. 210-211. Excepting for occasional purposes of comparison, the translation of Father d’Elia will be referred to in citing the sixteen lectures on the _San Min Chu I_. 62 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 70. The curiously significant use of the word “forever” is reminiscent of the teleology of the Chinese family system, according to which the flesh-and-blood immortality of man, and the preservation of identity through the survival of descendants, is a true immortality. _ 63 Wo-men Chung-kuo jen_ and _ni-men wai-kuo jen_. 64 Paul M. Linebarger, _The Life and Principles of Sun Chung-shan_, p. 102. There is here told the anecdote of Sun Yat-sen’s first encounter with race-hatred. At Ewa, Hawaii, in 1880, Sun, then a young lad just arrived from China, met a Westerner on the road. The Westerner threatened him, and called him “Damn Chinaman!” and various other epithets. When Sun Yat-sen discovered that the man was neither deranged nor intoxicated, but simply venting his general hatred of all Chinese, he was so much impressed with the incident that he never forgot it. 65 Hsü translation, cited, p. 168; d’Elia translation, cited, p. 68. 66 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 70. 67 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 71. 68 Sun Yat-sen said: “A scrap of paper, a pen, and a mutual agreement will be enough for the ruin of China ... in order to wipe her out by common agreement, it suffices that the diplomats of the different countries meet somewhere and affix their signatures.... One morning will suffice to annihilate a nation.” d’Elia translation, cited, p. 170. 69 The danger of relying too much on foreign aid can be illustrated by a reference to Sun-Joffe Manifesto issued in Shanghai, January 26, 1922. Sun Yat-sen, as the leader of the Chinese Nationalist movement, and Adolf Joffe, as the Soviet Special Envoy, signed a joint statement, the first paragraph of which reads as follows: