“Dr. Sun Yat-sen holds that the Communistic order or even the Soviet System cannot actually be introduced into China, because there do not exist here the conditions for the successful establishment of either Communism or Sovietism. This view is entirely shared by Mr. Joffe who is further of the opinion that China’s paramount and most pressing problem is to achieve unification and attain full national independence, and regarding this great task he has assured Dr. Sun Yat-sen that China has the warmest sympathy of the Russian people and can count on the support of Russia.” See T’ang Leang-li, cited, p. 156. In view of the subsequent Communist attempt, in 1927, to convert the Nationalist movement into a mere stage in the proletarian conquest of power in China, in violation of the terms of the understanding upon which the Communists and the Chinese Nationalists had worked together, the leaders of the Kuomintang are today as mistrustful of what they term Communist politico-cultural imperialism as they are of capitalist politico-economic imperialism. It is curious that the APRA leaders in Peru have adopted practically the same attitude. 70 It is necessary to remember that in the four decades before 1925, during which Sun Yat-sen advocated _nationalism_, the word had not acquired the ugly connotations that recent events have given it. The nationalism of Sun Yat-sen was conceived of by him as a pacific and defensive instrument, for the perpetuation of an independent Chinese race and civilization. See Paul M. W. Linebarger, _Conversations with Sun Yat-sen, 1919-1922_, Book I, ch. 5, “Defensive Nationalism,” and ch. 6, “Pacific Nationalism,” for a further discussion of this phase of Sun Yat-sen’s thought. _ 71 tien sha wei kung._ 72 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 184. A reference to clan organization, to be discussed later, has been deleted. 73 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 181 (summary of the sixth lecture on nationalism).