137 d’Elia translation, cited, pp. 368-9. Dr. Wou Saofong, in his _Sun Yat-sen_ (Paris, 1929), summarizes his thesis of Sun Yat-sen in somewhat different terms: “... Sun Yat-sen compare, le gouvernement à un appareil mécanique, dont le moteur est constitué _par les lois_ ou les ministres, tandis que l’ingénieur que dirige la machine était autrefois le roi et aujourd’hui le peuple,” p. 124. (Italics mine.) This suggestion that the state-machine, in the theory of Sun Yat-sen, is composed of laws as well as men is quite interesting; Sun Yat-sen himself does not seem to have used this figure of speech and it may be Dr. Wou’s applying the juristic interpretation on his own initiative. Sun Yat-sen, in his sixth lecture on democracy, says, “Statesmen and lawyers of Europe and America say that government is a machine of which law is a tool.” (d’Elia translation, cited, p. 368.) 138 It must always remain one of those conjectures upon which scholars may expend their fantasy what Sun Yat-sen would have thought of the necessity of the juristic state, which involved a quite radical change throughout the Chinese social organism, had he lived to see the ebb of juristic polity and, for all that, of voting democracy. It is not unlikely that his early impressions of the United States and his reading of Montesquieu would have led him to retain his belief in a juristic-democratic state in spite of the fact that such a state would no longer represent the acme of ultra-modernism. 139 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 378 and following. 140 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 369. 141 Reginald Johnston, _Twilight in the Forbidden City_, cited above, presents an apparently true account of the conspiracies of the various Northern generals which centered around the person of P’u Yi. According to Johnston Tsao Kun was defeated in his attempt to restore the Manchu Emperor only by the jealousies of his fellow-militarists. 142 d’Elia translation, cited, p. 406.