The "Lake school" 416 Scott's novels 418 Minor poets: philosophical works 420 Newspapers and reviews 422 Essayists and historians 425 The arts: painting, sculpture 427 Scientific discoveries 428 University reform 429 Formation of London University 431 Improvements in agriculture 433 Steam navigation 434 The first railways 435 Geographical discovery 436 Philanthropy 436 Canada 437 South Africa 438 Convict settlements in Australia 438 Development of Australia 439 APPENDIX I. On Authorities 443 II. Administrations, 1801-37 451 MAPS. (AT THE END OF THE VOLUME.) 1. Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation after the reform. 2. Spain and Portugal, illustrating the Peninsular war. 3. India. CHAPTER I. ADDINGTON.